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Model merging aims to integrate multiple task-adapted models into a unified model that preserves the knowledge of each task. In this paper, we identify that the key to this knowledge retention lies in maintaining the directional consistency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Han-Chen Zhang , Zi-Hao Zhou , Mao-Lin Luo , Shimin Di , Min-Ling Zhang , Tong Wei

Fine-tuning pre-trained models with custom data leads to numerous expert models on specific tasks. Merging models into one universal model to empower multi-task ability refraining from data leakage has gained popularity. With the expansion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Fanhu Zeng , Haiyang Guo , Fei Zhu , Li Shen , Hao Tang

Combining multiple machine learning models has long been a technique for enhancing performance, particularly in distributed settings. Traditional approaches, such as model ensembles, work well, but are expensive in terms of memory and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Albert Manuel Orozco Camacho , Stefan Horoi , Guy Wolf , Eugene Belilovsky

In this work, we explore the limitations of combining models by averaging intermediate features, referred to as model merging, and propose a new direction for achieving collective model intelligence through what we call compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jyothish Pari , Samy Jelassi , Pulkit Agrawal

Deep model fusion/merging is an emerging technique that merges the parameters or predictions of multiple deep learning models into a single one. It combines the abilities of different models to make up for the biases and errors of a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Weishi Li , Yong Peng , Miao Zhang , Liang Ding , Han Hu , Li Shen

Merging multiple expert models offers a promising approach for performing multi-task learning without accessing their original data. Existing methods attempt to alleviate task conflicts by sparsifying task vectors or promoting orthogonality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yongxian Wei , Anke Tang , Li Shen , Zixuan Hu , Chun Yuan , Xiaochun Cao

Model merging has achieved significant success, with numerous innovative methods proposed to enhance capabilities by combining multiple models. However, challenges persist due to the lack of a unified framework for classification and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Wei Ruan , Tianze Yang , Yifan Zhou , Tianming Liu , Jin Lu

Model merging, which combines multiple domain-specialized experts into a single model, offers a practical path to endow Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) with broad capabilities without the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Dengming Zhang , Xiaowen Ma , Zhenliang Ni , Zhenkai Wu , Han Shu , Xin Jiang , Xinghao Chen

Model merging is an effective strategy to merge multiple models for enhancing model performances, and more efficient than ensemble learning as it will not introduce extra computation into inference. However, limited research explores if the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Hu Wang , Ibrahim Almakky , Congbo Ma , Numan Saeed , Mohammad Yaqub

Model merging combines the parameters of multiple neural networks into a single model without additional training. As fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) proliferate, merging offers a computationally efficient alternative to ensembles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng

Training large neural networks and merging task-specific models both exploit low-rank structure and require parameter importance estimation, yet these challenges have been pursued in isolation. Current workflows compute curvature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Alireza Moayedikia , Alicia Troncoso

Model merging is a technique that combines multiple large pretrained models into a single model with enhanced performance and broader task adaptability. It has gained popularity in large pretrained model development due to its ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Yu Zhou , Xingyu Wu , Jibin Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

Model merging dramatically reduces storage and computational resources by combining multiple expert models into a single multi-task model. Although recent model merging methods have shown promising results, they struggle to maintain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zijing Wang , Xingle Xu , Yongkang Liu , Yiqun Zhang , Peiqin Lin , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze

Training of neural networks is a computationally intensive task. The significance of understanding and modeling the training dynamics is growing as increasingly larger networks are being trained. We propose in this work a model based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Rotem Turjeman , Tom Berkov , Ido Cohen , Guy Gilboa

Model merging combines fine-tuned checkpoints into a single multi-task model without retraining. Existing methods - such as task arithmetic, model soups, TIES, and DARE - are computationally efficient and empirically successful, but rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Bethan Evans , Benjamin Etheridge , Stephen Roberts , Jared Tanner

While fine-tuning pretrained models has become common practice, these models often underperform outside their specific domains. Recently developed model merging techniques enable the direct integration of multiple models, each fine-tuned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Guodong Du , Junlin Lee , Jing Li , Runhua Jiang , Yifei Guo , Shuyang Yu , Hanting Liu , Sim Kuan Goh , Ho-Kin Tang , Daojing He , Min Zhang

Model merging unifies independently fine-tuned LLMs from the same base, enabling reuse and integration of parallel development efforts without retraining. However, in practice we observe that merging does not always succeed: certain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuan Cao , Dezhi Ran , Yuzhe Guo , Mengzhou Wu , Simin Chen , Linyi Li , Wei Yang , Tao Xie

Model merging integrates multiple task-specific models into a single consolidated one. Recent research has made progress in improving merging performance for in-distribution or multi-task scenarios, but domain generalization in model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Levy Chaves , Chao Zhou , Rebekka Burkholz , Eduardo Valle , Sandra Avila

Model merging offers a training-free alternative to multi-task learning by combining independently fine-tuned models into a unified one without access to raw data. However, existing approaches often rely on heuristics to determine the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Chongjie Si , Kangtao Lv , Jingjing Jiang , Yadao Wang , Yongwei Wang , Xiaokang Yang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Wei Shen

Model merging provides a way of cheaply combining individual models to produce a model that inherits each individual's capabilities. While some merging methods can approach the performance of multitask training, they are often heuristically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Marawan Gamal Abdel Hameed , Derek Tam , Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Colin Raffel , Guillaume Rabusseau
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