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Trojan backdoors can be injected into large language models at various stages, including pretraining, fine-tuning, and in-context learning, posing a significant threat to the model's alignment. Due to the nature of causal language modeling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Vedant Bhasin , Matthew Yudin , Razvan Stefanescu , Rauf Izmailov

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), intelligent neuron models can be susceptible to textual Trojan attacks. Such attacks occur when Trojan models behave normally for standard inputs but generate malicious output for inputs that contain a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Qian Lou , Yepeng Liu , Bo Feng

Despite careful safety alignment, current large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to various attacks. To further unveil the safety risks of LLMs, we introduce a Safety Concept Activation Vector (SCAV) framework, which effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Zhihao Xu , Ruixuan Huang , Changyu Chen , Xiting Wang

The availability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a new generation of powerful chatbots that can be developed at relatively low cost. As companies deploy these tools, security challenges need to be addressed to prevent financial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Ahmad Alobaid , Martí Jordà Roca , Carlos Castillo , Joan Vendrell

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

To ensure AI safety, instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) are specifically trained to ensure alignment, which refers to making models behave in accordance with human intentions. While these models have demonstrated commendable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Haoran Wang , Kai Shu

The inherent risk of generating harmful and unsafe content by Large Language Models (LLMs), has highlighted the need for their safety alignment. Various techniques like supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning from human feedback, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Kalyan Nakka , Nitesh Saxena

The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have been successfully applied in the context of table representation learning. The recently proposed tabular language models have reported state-of-the-art results across various tasks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Aneta Koleva , Martin Ringsquandl , Volker Tresp

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly employ guardrails to enforce ethical, legal, and application-specific constraints on their outputs. While effective at mitigating harmful responses, these guardrails introduce a new class of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Hongwei Yao , Yun Xia , Shuo Shao , Haoran Shi , Tong Qiao , Cong Wang

Modern large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated impressive capabilities for coding tasks including writing and reasoning about code. They improve upon previous neural network models of code, such as code2seq or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Chi Zhang , Zifan Wang , Ravi Mangal , Matt Fredrikson , Limin Jia , Corina Pasareanu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have significantly advanced beyond traditional Large Language Models (LLMs) with their exceptional logical reasoning capabilities, yet these improvements introduce heightened safety risks. When subjected to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yang Yao , Xuan Tong , Ruofan Wang , Yixu Wang , Lujundong Li , Liang Liu , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Autoregressive Visual Language Models (VLMs) showcase impressive few-shot learning capabilities in a multimodal context. Recently, multimodal instruction tuning has been proposed to further enhance instruction-following abilities. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Jiawei Liang , Siyuan Liang , Man Luo , Aishan Liu , Dongchen Han , Ee-Chien Chang , Xiaochun Cao

There has been an increasing interest in the alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values. However, the safety issues of their integration with a vision module, or vision language models (VLMs), remain relatively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xijia Tao , Shuai Zhong , Lei Li , Qi Liu , Lingpeng Kong

Textual backdoor attacks pose a practical threat to existing systems, as they can compromise the model by inserting imperceptible triggers into inputs and manipulating labels in the training dataset. With cutting-edge generative models such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Jiazhao Li , Yijin Yang , Zhuofeng Wu , V. G. Vinod Vydiswaran , Chaowei Xiao

Huge memory consumption has been a major bottleneck for deploying high-throughput large language models in real-world applications. In addition to the large number of parameters, the key-value (KV) cache for the attention mechanism in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

A fundamental issue in deep learning has been adversarial robustness. As these systems have scaled, such issues have persisted. Currently, large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters suffer from adversarial attacks just like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Brian Formento , Chuan Sheng Foo , See-Kiong Ng

Large language models (LLMs), designed to provide helpful and safe responses, often rely on alignment techniques to align with user intent and social guidelines. Unfortunately, this alignment can be exploited by malicious actors seeking to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Raz Lapid , Ron Langberg , Moshe Sipper

The proficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) in processing structured data and adhering to syntactic rules is a capability that drives their widespread adoption but also makes them paradoxically vulnerable. In this paper, we investigate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Amirkia Rafiei Oskooei , Mehmet S. Aktas

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

Recent studies have revealed that \textit{Backdoor Attacks} can threaten the safety of natural language processing (NLP) models. Investigating the strategies of backdoor attacks will help to understand the model's vulnerability. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Weimin Lyu , Songzhu Zheng , Lu Pang , Haibin Ling , Chao Chen