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Pragmatics studies how context can contribute to language meanings. In human communication, language is never interpreted out of context, and sentences can usually convey more information than their literal meanings. However, this mechanism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Luyao Yuan , Zipeng Fu , Jingyue Shen , Lu Xu , Junhong Shen , Song-Chun Zhu

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to others and predict their behaviour, is fundamental to social intelligence. In this paper, we survey studies evaluating behavioural and representational ToM in Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Hieu Minh "Jord" Nguyen

Computation plays a major role in decision making. Even if an agent is willing to ascribe a probability to all states and a utility to all outcomes, and maximize expected utility, doing so might present serious computational problems.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2011-06-15 Joseph Y. Halpern , Rafael Pass

Understanding and attributing mental states, known as Theory of Mind (ToM), emerges as a fundamental capability for human social reasoning. While Large Language Models (LLMs) appear to possess certain ToM abilities, the mechanisms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Wentao Zhu , Zhining Zhang , Yizhou Wang

The last couple of years have witnessed emerging research that appropriates Theory-of-Mind (ToM) tasks designed for humans to benchmark LLM's ToM capabilities as an indication of LLM's social intelligence. However, this approach has a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Qiaosi Wang , Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap , Jodi Forlizzi , Hong Shen

Theory of Mind (ToM) significantly impacts human collaboration and communication as a crucial capability to understand others. When AI agents with ToM capability collaborate with humans, Mutual Theory of Mind (MToM) arises in such human-AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Shao Zhang , Xihuai Wang , Wenhao Zhang , Yongshan Chen , Landi Gao , Dakuo Wang , Weinan Zhang , Xinbing Wang , Ying Wen

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute beliefs, intentions, or mental states to others, is a crucial feature of human social interaction. In complex environments, where the human sensory system reaches its limits, behaviour is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Francesca Bianco , Silvia Rigato , Maria Laura Filippetti , Dimitri Ognibene

As large language models evolve, there is growing anticipation that they will emulate human-like Theory of Mind (ToM) to assist with routine tasks. However, existing methods for evaluating machine ToM focus primarily on unimodal models and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xinyang Li , Siqi Liu , Bochao Zou , Jiansheng Chen , Huimin Ma

The question of whether large language models (LLMs) possess Theory of Mind (ToM) -- often defined as the ability to reason about others' mental states -- has sparked significant scientific and public interest. However, the evidence as to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Jennifer Hu , Felix Sosa , Tomer Ullman

In this paper we present ToMCAT (Theory-of-Mind for Cooperative Agents in Teams), a new framework for generating ToM-conditioned trajectories. It combines a meta-learning mechanism, that performs ToM reasoning over teammates' underlying…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Pedro Sequeira , Vidyasagar Sadhu , Melinda Gervasio

The dominant theories of rational choice assume logical omniscience. That is, they assume that when facing a decision problem, an agent can perform all relevant computations and determine the truth value of all relevant logical/mathematical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Caspar Oesterheld , Abram Demski , Vincent Conitzer

The field of Game Theory provides a useful mechanism for modeling many decision-making scenarios. In participating in these scenarios individuals and groups adopt particular strategies, which generally perform with varying levels of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Francis Lawlor , Rem Collier , Vivek Nallur

Effective multi-agent collaboration requires agents to infer the rationale behind others' actions, a capability rooted in Theory-of-Mind (ToM). While recent Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at logical inference, their ability to infer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Fangzhou Liang , Tianshi Zheng , Chunkit Chan , Yauwai Yim , Yangqiu Song

Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to reason about the mental states of oneself and others-is a cornerstone of human social intelligence. As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into daily life, understanding their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ruirui Chen , Weifeng Jiang , Chengwei Qin , Cheston Tan

Machine learning of Theory of Mind (ToM) is essential to build social agents that co-live with humans and other agents. This capacity, once acquired, will help machines infer the mental states of others from observed contextual action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Dung Nguyen , Phuoc Nguyen , Hung Le , Kien Do , Svetha Venkatesh , Truyen Tran

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to track others epistemic state, makes humans efficient collaborators. AI agents need the same capacity in multi agent settings, yet existing benchmarks mostly test literal ToM by asking direct belief…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Gurusha Juneja , Dylan Lu , Saaket Agashe , Parth Diwane , Edward Gunn , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , William Yang Wang , Yali Du , Xin Eric Wang

Can large multimodal models have a human-like ability for emotional and social reasoning, and if so, how does it work? Recent research has discovered emergent theory-of-mind (ToM) reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs). LLMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zhawnen Chen , Tianchun Wang , Yizhou Wang , Michal Kosinski , Xiang Zhang , Yun Fu , Sheng Li

Language is fundamental to human cooperation, facilitating not only the exchange of information but also the coordination of actions through shared interpretations of situational contexts. This study explores whether the Generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Agnese Lombardi , Alessandro Lenci

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across natural language reasoning tasks, yet their reasoning processes remain brittle and difficult to interpret. Prompting techniques like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Samir Abdaljalil , Hasan Kurban , Khalid Qaraqe , Erchin Serpedin

Understanding each other is the key to success in collaboration. For humans, attributing mental states to others, the theory of mind, provides the crucial advantage. We argue for formulating human--AI interaction as a multi-agent problem,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Tomi Peltola , Pedram Daee , Samuel Kaski