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In real-world Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) scenarios, where LLMs interleave reasoning with external tool calls, a major source of inefficiency is that the toolcalls create pauses between LLM requests and cause KV-Cache eviction, forcing…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Qisheng Su , Shiting Huang , Zhen Fang , Ziyan Chen , Zehui Chen , Feng Zhao

Long-context LLMs increasingly rely on extended, reusable prefill prompts for agents and domain Q&A, pushing attention and KV-cache to become the dominant decode-time bottlenecks. While sparse attention reduces computation and transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Chuxu Song , Zhencan Peng , Jiuqi Wei , Chuanhui Yang

Test-time adaptation with pre-trained vision-language models has gained increasing attention for addressing distribution shifts during testing. Among these approaches, memory-based algorithms stand out due to their training-free nature and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Wenxuan Bao , Ruxi Deng , Ruizhong Qiu , Tianxin Wei , Hanghang Tong , Jingrui He

Processing long contexts has become a critical capability for modern large language models (LLMs). However, serving long-context LLMs comes with significant inference costs due to the high memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Qihui Zhou , Peiqi Yin , Pengfei Zuo , James Cheng

While scaling laws have been continuously validated in large language models (LLMs) with increasing model parameters, the inherent tension between the inference demands of LLMs and the limited resources of edge devices poses a critical…

Long-context large language model (LLM) inference has become the norm for today's AI applications. However, it is severely bottlenecked by the increasing memory demands of its KV cache. Previous works have shown that self-speculative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yikang Yue , Yuqi Xue , Jian Huang

Large Language Model (LLM) inference becomes resource-intensive, prompting a shift toward low-bit model weights to reduce the memory footprint and improve efficiency. Such low-bit LLMs necessitate the mixed-precision matrix multiplication…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhiwen Mo , Lei Wang , Jianyu Wei , Zhichen Zeng , Shijie Cao , Lingxiao Ma , Naifeng Jing , Ting Cao , Jilong Xue , Fan Yang , Mao Yang

Model quantization has become a crucial technique to address the issues of large memory consumption and long inference times associated with LLMs. Mixed-precision quantization, which distinguishes between important and unimportant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yifan Tan , Haoze Wang , Chao Yan , Yangdong Deng

KV cache quantization can improve Large Language Models (LLMs) inference throughput and latency in long contexts and large batch-size scenarios while preserving LLMs effectiveness. However, current methods have three unsolved issues:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xing Li , Zeyu Xing , Yiming Li , Linping Qu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Wulong Liu , Yiwu Yao , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan

Large language model (LLM) inference workload dominates a wide variety of modern AI applications, ranging from multi-turn conversation to document analysis. Balancing fairness and efficiency is critical for managing diverse client workloads…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Shiyi Cao , Yichuan Wang , Ziming Mao , Pin-Lun Hsu , Liangsheng Yin , Tian Xia , Dacheng Li , Shu Liu , Yineng Zhang , Yang Zhou , Ying Sheng , Joseph Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pivotal in advancing natural language processing but often struggle with complex reasoning tasks due to inefficient attention distributions. In this paper, we explore the effect of increased computed tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bingli Liao , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

As large language models (LLMs) and visual language models (VLMs) grow in scale and application, attention mechanisms have become a central computational bottleneck due to their high memory and time complexity. While many efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zhengyu Tian , Anantha Padmanaban Krishna Kumar , Hemant Krishnakumar , Reza Rawassizadeh

As Large Language Models (LLMs) broaden their capabilities to manage thousands of API calls, they are confronted with complex data operations across vast datasets with significant overhead to the underlying system. In this work, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Simranjit Singh , Michael Fore , Andreas Karatzas , Chaehong Lee , Yanan Jian , Longfei Shangguan , Fuxun Yu , Iraklis Anagnostopoulos , Dimitrios Stamoulis

Transformer-based models are the foundation of modern machine learning, but their execution, particularly during autoregressive decoding in large language models (LLMs), places significant pressure on memory systems due to frequent memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zehao Fan , Garrett Gagnon , Zhenyu Liu , Liu Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) show great capabilities in a wide range of applications, but serving them efficiently becomes increasingly challenging as requests (prompts) become more complex. Context caching improves serving performance by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Junhao Hu , Wenrui Huang , Weidong Wang , Haoyi Wang , Tiancheng Hu , Qin Zhang , Hao Feng , Xusheng Chen , Yizhou Shan , Tao Xie

Prefix caching is crucial to accelerate multi-turn interactions and requests with shared prefixes. At the cluster level, existing prefix caching systems are tightly coupled with request scheduling to optimize cache efficiency and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Bingyang Wu , Zili Zhang , Yinmin Zhong , Guanzhe Huang , Yibo Zhu , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Attention models are widely used in Vision-language (V-L) tasks to perform the visual-textual correlation. Humans perform such a correlation with a strong linguistic understanding of the visual world. However, even the best performing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Gouthaman KV , Athira Nambiar , Kancheti Sai Srinivas , Anurag Mittal

Large language models (LLMs) are often used for infilling tasks, which involve predicting or generating missing information in a given text. These tasks typically require multiple interactions with similar context. To reduce the computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Tianyu Guo , Hande Dong , Yichong Leng , Feng Liu , Cheater Lin , Nong Xiao , Xianwei Zhang

The KV-Cache technique has become the standard for the inference of large language models (LLMs). Yet, it is widely criticized that KV-Cache can become a bottleneck of the LLM inference system. This paper enables a novel dynamic KV-Cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Zihao Zeng , Bokai Lin , Tianqi Hou , Hao Zhang , Zhijie Deng

Mixed-precision inference techniques reduce the memory and computational demands of Large Language Models (LLMs) by applying hybrid precision formats to model weights, activations, and KV caches. However, existing systems struggle to (i)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Li Zhang , Youhe Jiang , Guoliang He , Xin Chen , Han Lv , Qian Yao , Ningsheng Ma , Fangcheng Fu , Kai Chen