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Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training across multiple clients while preserving data privacy, yet it struggles with data heterogeneity, where clients' data are not distributed independently and identically (non-IID). This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Incheol Baek , Hyungbin Kim , Minseo Kim , Yon Dohn Chung

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized training of machine learning models on distributed data while preserving privacy. However, in real-world FL settings, client data is often non-identically distributed and imbalanced, resulting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Gergely D. Németh , Eros Fanì , Yeat Jeng Ng , Barbara Caputo , Miguel Ángel Lozano , Nuria Oliver , Novi Quadrianto

Federated learning (FL) enables massive distributed Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices to learn a global consensus model without any participants revealing their own data to the central server. However, the practicality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Zhikun Chen , Daofeng Li , Ming Zhao , Sihai Zhang , Jinkang Zhu

As Federated Learning (FL) expands, the challenge of non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data becomes critical. Clustered Federated Learning (CFL) addresses this by training multiple specialized models, each representing a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Michael Ben Ali , Omar El-Rifai , Imen Megdiche , André Peninou , Olivier Teste

In Federated Learning (FL), the distributed nature and heterogeneity of client data present both opportunities and challenges. While collaboration among clients can significantly enhance the learning process, not all collaborations are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Nazarii Tupitsa , Samuel Horváth , Martin Takáč , Eduard Gorbunov

Federated learning (FL), as an emerging collaborative learning paradigm, has garnered significant attention due to its capacity to preserve privacy within distributed learning systems. In these systems, clients collaboratively train a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Xi Zhu , Songcan Yu , Junbo Wang , Qinglin Yang

In Federated Learning (FL), a number of clients or devices collaborate to train a model without sharing their data. Models are optimized locally at each client and further communicated to a central hub for aggregation. While FL is an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Farshid Varno , Marzie Saghayi , Laya Rafiee Sevyeri , Sharut Gupta , Stan Matwin , Mohammad Havaei

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as an effective solution to decentralized and privacy-preserving machine learning for mobile clients. While traditional FL has demonstrated its superiority, it ignores the non-iid (independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Bingyan Liu , Yifeng Cai , Ziqi Zhang , Yuanchun Li , Leye Wang , Ding Li , Yao Guo , Xiangqun Chen

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a pivotal framework for the development of effective global models (global FL) or personalized models (personalized FL) across clients with heterogeneous, non-iid data distribution. A key challenge in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Seongyoon Kim , Minchan Jeong , Sungnyun Kim , Sungwoo Cho , Sumyeong Ahn , Se-Young Yun

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm that enables multiple clients to learn a powerful global model by aggregating local training. However, the performance of the global model is often hampered by non-i.i.d.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Chun-Mei Feng , Kai Yu , Nian Liu , Xinxing Xu , Salman Khan , Wangmeng Zuo

Federated Learning (FL) presents an innovative approach to privacy-preserving distributed machine learning and enables efficient crowd intelligence on a large scale. However, a significant challenge arises when coordinating FL with crowd…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Yuhao Zhou , Minjia Shi , Yuxin Tian , Yuanxi Li , Qing Ye , Jiancheng Lv

Federated learning (FL) provides a distributed learning framework for multiple participants to collaborate learning without sharing raw data. In many practical FL scenarios, participants have heterogeneous resources due to disparities in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Junyuan Hong , Haotao Wang , Zhangyang Wang , Jiayu Zhou

In Federated Learning, heterogeneity in client data distributions often means that a single global model does not have the best performance for individual clients. Consider for example training a next-word prediction model for keyboards:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Ljubomir Rokvic , Panayiotis Danassis , Boi Faltings

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning technique that preserves data privacy by sharing only the trained parameters instead of the client data. This makes FL ideal for highly dynamic, heterogeneous, and time-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kasun Eranda Wijethilake , Adnan Mahmood , Quan Z. Sheng

Knowledge sharing and model personalization are essential components to tackle the non-IID challenge in federated learning (FL). Most existing FL methods focus on two extremes: 1) to learn a shared model to serve all clients with non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Jie Ma , Guodong Long , Tianyi Zhou , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated Learning(FL) is popular as a privacy-preserving machine learning paradigm for generating a single model on decentralized data. However, statistical heterogeneity poses a significant challenge for FL. As a subfield of FL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Keting Yin , Jiayi Mao

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative approach for enabling distributed machine learning while preserving user privacy, yet it faces challenges like communication inefficiencies and reliance on centralized infrastructures,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Sai Puppala , Ismail Hossain , Md Jahangir Alam , Sajedul Talukder , Zahidur Talukder , Syed Bahauddin

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple clients to collectively train a high-performance global model without sharing their private data. However, the key challenge in federated learning is that the clients have significant statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Liang Gao , Huazhu Fu , Li Li , Yingwen Chen , Ming Xu , Cheng-Zhong Xu

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging technique that trains massive and geographically distributed edge data while maintaining privacy. However, FL has inherent challenges in terms of fairness and computational efficiency due to the rising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Yingchun Wang , Jingcai Guo , Jie Zhang , Song Guo , Weizhan Zhang , Qinghua Zheng

Federated learning (FL) is a new paradigm for distributed machine learning that allows a global model to be trained across multiple clients without compromising their privacy. Although FL has demonstrated remarkable success in various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Haolin Wang , Xuefeng Liu , Jianwei Niu , Shaojie Tang , Jiaxing Shen