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A dual band receiver has been designed for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) mission, which is a space Very-Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) mission concept, aimed at unveiling the photon ring of black holes. The cryogenic receiver…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-14 Cheukyu Edward Tong , Keara Carter , Paul Grimes , Eugene Lauria , Dan Marrone , Gabriella Montano , Matthew Morgan , Yoshirnori Uzawa , Lingzhen Zeng

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a space very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that is currently under development. BHEX will study supermassive black holes at unprecedented resolution, isolating the signature of the…

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a space-based very-long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission aimed at precision black hole measurements, detecting the photon ring around black holes, exploring spacetime, spin, and mass properties, and…

In this paper, we introduce the receiver architecture for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) Mission, designed to reveal the photon ring of black holes. The primary instrument is a dual-polarization receiver operating over the 240-320 GHz…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-20 C. Edward Tong , Kazunori Akiyama , Paul Grimes , Mareki Honma , Janice Houston , Michael D. Johnson , Daniel P. Marrone , Hannah Rana , Yoshinori Uzawa

In this effort, we demonstrate the performance of a highly stable time reference for the proposed Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) mission, a space-based extension to the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-17 Hannah Tomio , Guangning Yang , Holly F. Leopardi , Kenji Numata , Anthony W. Yu , Andrew Attar , Xiaozhen Xu , Wei Lu , Cheryl Gramling , T. K. Sridharan , Peter Kurczynski

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a next-generation space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that will extend the ground-based millimeter/submillimeter arrays into space. The mission, closely aligned with the science…

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) will be the first sub-mm wavelength Space Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) mission. It targets astronomical imaging with the highest ever spatial resolution to enable detection of the photon ring of a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-23 T. K. Sridharan , R. Lehmensiek , S. Schwarz , D. P. Marrone

We present the basic design of a large, light weight, spaceborne antenna for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) space Very Long Baseline Interferometry (space-VLBI) mission, achieving high efficiency operation at mm/sub-mm wavelengths. An…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-02 T. K. Sridharan , R. Lehmensiek , D. Marrone , P. Cheimets , M. Freeman , P. Galison , J. Houston , M. Johnson , M. Silver

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) mission extends the submillimeter Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to space. The preliminary baseline design of a shaped axial-symmetric displaced-axis dual-reflector antenna for the BHEX is presented.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-29 Robert Lehmensiek , Tirupati Kumara Sridharan

This paper describes specification and early design of back end signal processing subsystems for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) space telescope. The "back end" consists of two subsystems. First, the…

We present the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a mission that will produce the sharpest images in the history of astronomy by extending submillimeter Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to space. BHEX will discover and measure the bright…

Direct electromagnetic observation of the orbital motion of a sub-parsec, supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) would provide the first conclusive proof of such systems existing. Widely considered to be the sources of gravitational waves,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-13 B. Hudson , L. I. Gurvits , E. Mooij , A. Ricarte , D. Palumbo

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a mission concept that can dramatically improve state-of-the-art astronomical very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) imaging resolution by extending baseline distances to space. To support these…

Multi-wavelength digital holography enables surface-shape measurements with an exceptional dynamic range by combining interferometric resolution with synthetic wavelengths spanning multiple length scales. Although the concept promises…

Recent developments demonstrate that parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) in high-Q microresonators is a highly promising and effective approach for optical frequency comb generation, with applications including spectroscopy, optical clocks,…

We present a baseline science operations plan for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a space mission concept aiming to confirm the existence of the predicted sharp ``photon ring" resulting from strongly lensed photon trajectories around black…

Optical frequency combs have had a remarkable impact on precision spectroscopy. Enabling this technology in the x-ray domain is expected to result in wide-ranging applications, such as stringent tests of astrophysical models and quantum…

Optical frequency combs consist of equally spaced discrete optical frequency components and are essential tools for optical communications and for precision metrology, timing and spectroscopy. To date, wide-spanning combs are most often…

Photonic integrated circuits that exploit nonlinear optics in order to generate and process signals all-optically have achieved performance far superior to that possible electronically - particularly with respect to speed. We review the…

Developments in integrated photonics have led to stable, compact, and broadband comb generators that support a wide range of applications. Current on-chip comb generators, however, are still limited by low optical pump-to-comb conversion…

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