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Traditional safety engineering assesses systems in their context of use, e.g. the operational design domain (road layout, speed limits, weather, etc.) for self-driving vehicles (including those using AI). We refer to this as downstream…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-13 John McDermid , Yan Jia , Ibrahim Habli

Risk thresholds provide a measure of the level of risk exposure that a society or individual is willing to withstand, ultimately shaping how we determine the safety of technological systems. Against the backdrop of the Cold War, the first…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Heidy Khlaaf , Sarah Myers West

The rapid proliferation and deployment of General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models, including large language models (LLMs), present unprecedented challenges for AI supervisory entities. We hypothesize that these entities will need to navigate an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Manuel Cebrian , Emilia Gomez , David Fernandez Llorca

Certainty around the regulatory environment is crucial to enable responsible AI innovation and foster the social acceptance of these powerful new technologies. One notable source of uncertainty is, however, that the existing legal liability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Olivia J. Erdélyi , Gábor Erdélyi

Recent work has demonstrated the plausibility of frontier AI models scheming -- knowingly and covertly pursuing an objective misaligned with its developer's intentions. Such behavior could be very hard to detect, and if present in future…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Mary Phuong , Roland S. Zimmermann , Ziyue Wang , David Lindner , Victoria Krakovna , Sarah Cogan , Allan Dafoe , Lewis Ho , Rohin Shah

Evaluating the safety of frontier AI systems is an increasingly important concern, helping to measure the capabilities of such models and identify risks before deployment. However, it has been recognised that if AI agents are aware that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Joel Dyer , Daniel Jarne Ornia , Nicholas Bishop , Anisoara Calinescu , Michael Wooldridge

Black-box safety evaluation of AI systems assumes model behavior on test distributions reliably predicts deployment performance. We formalize and challenge this assumption through latent context-conditioned policies -- models whose outputs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Vishal Srivastava

Abstract. The risks AI presents to society are broadly understood to be manageable through general calculus, i.e., general frameworks designed to enable those involved in the development of AI to apprehend and manage risk, such as AI impact…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Andy Crabtree , Glenn McGarry , Lachlan Urquhart

The use of AI technologies is being integrated into the secure development of software-based systems, with an increasing trend of composing AI-based subsystems (with uncertain levels of performance) into automated pipelines. This presents a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Emanuele Mezzi , Aurora Papotti , Fabio Massacci , Katja Tuma

AI safety is a rapidly growing area of research that seeks to prevent the harm and misuse of frontier AI technology, particularly with respect to generative AI (GenAI) tools that are capable of creating realistic and high-quality content…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Pin-Yu Chen

Frontier AI developers operate at the intersection of rapid technical progress, extreme risk exposure, and growing regulatory scrutiny. While a range of external evaluations and safety frameworks have emerged, comparatively little attention…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Francesca Gomez , Adam Buick , Leah Ferentinos , Haelee Kim , Elley Lee

The tremendous rise of generative AI has reached every part of society - including the news environment. There are many concerns about the individual and societal impact of the increasing use of generative AI, including issues such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Kimon Kieslich , Nicholas Diakopoulos , Natali Helberger

The recent development of powerful AI systems has highlighted the need for robust risk management frameworks in the AI industry. Although companies have begun to implement safety frameworks, current approaches often lack the systematic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Simeon Campos , Henry Papadatos , Fabien Roger , Chloé Touzet , Otter Quarks , Malcolm Murray

Frontier AI companies first deploy their most advanced models internally, for weeks or months of safety testing, evaluation, and iteration, before a possible public release. For example, Anthropic recently developed a new class of model…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Oscar Delaney , Sambhav Maheshwari , Joe O'Brien , Theo Bearman , Oliver Guest

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to augment and automate cyber operations, altering the scale, speed, and accessibility of malicious activity. These shifts raise urgent questions about when AI systems introduce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Krystal Jackson , Deepika Raman , Jessica Newman , Nada Madkour , Charlotte Yuan , Evan R. Murphy

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has deeply impacted various fields, including Earth system sciences. Here, AI improved weather forecasting, model emulation, parameter estimation, and the prediction of extreme events. However,…

Commercial insurance underwriting is a labor-intensive process that requires manual review of extensive documentation to assess risk and determine policy pricing. While AI offers substantial efficiency improvements, existing solutions lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Joyjit Roy , Samaresh Kumar Singh

Risk management in many environmental settings requires an understanding of the mechanisms that drive extreme events. Useful metrics for quantifying such risk are extreme quantiles of response variables conditioned on predictor variables…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-08 Jordan Richards , Raphaël Huser

Judgment of risk is key to decision-making under uncertainty. As Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky famously discovered, humans do so in a distinctive way that departs from mathematical rationalism. Specifically, they demonstrated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kenneth Payne

We present a quantitative model for tracking dangerous AI capabilities over time. Our goal is to help the policy and research community visualise how dangerous capability testing can give us an early warning about approaching AI risks. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Paolo Bova , Alessandro Di Stefano , The Anh Han