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The rapid advancement and impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have given rise to the field of prompt engineering, the practice of crafting inputs to guide LLMs toward high-quality, task-relevant outputs. A critical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Amandine M. Caut , Beimnet Zenebe , Amy Rouillard , David J. T. Sumpter

The increasing complexity of software systems and the influence of software-supported decisions in our society have sparked the need for software that is safe, reliable, and fair. Explainability has been identified as a means to achieve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Timo Speith

Recently, there have been increasing calls for computer science curricula to complement existing technical training with topics related to Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics. In this paper, we present Value Card, an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Hong Shen , Wesley Hanwen Deng , Aditi Chattopadhyay , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Xu Wang , Haiyi Zhu

We introduce Dynaboard, an evaluation-as-a-service framework for hosting benchmarks and conducting holistic model comparison, integrated with the Dynabench platform. Our platform evaluates NLP models directly instead of relying on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Zhiyi Ma , Kawin Ethayarajh , Tristan Thrush , Somya Jain , Ledell Wu , Robin Jia , Christopher Potts , Adina Williams , Douwe Kiela

State-of-the-art models in NLP are now predominantly based on deep neural networks that are opaque in terms of how they come to make predictions. This limitation has increased interest in designing more interpretable deep models for NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Jay DeYoung , Sarthak Jain , Nazneen Fatema Rajani , Eric Lehman , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher , Byron C. Wallace

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

The documentation practice for machine-learned (ML) models often falls short of established practices for traditional software, which impedes model accountability and inadvertently abets inappropriate or misuse of models. Recently, model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Avinash Bhat , Austin Coursey , Grace Hu , Sixian Li , Nadia Nahar , Shurui Zhou , Christian Kästner , Jin L. C. Guo

Benchmarks are necessary for healthcare evaluation, but are not sufficient for predicting deployment performance. Our position is that the evaluation--deployment gap arises not because of poorly designed benchmarks, but from implicit…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Naveen Raman , Santiago Cortes-Gomez , Mateo Dulce Rubio , Fei Fang , Bryan Wilder

The rapid proliferation of benchmarks has created significant challenges in reproducibility, transparency, and informed decision-making. However, unlike datasets and models -- which benefit from structured documentation frameworks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Florian Bordes , Candace Ross , Justine T Kao , Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Adina Williams

Evaluation is the central means for assessing, understanding, and communicating about NLP models. In this position paper, we argue evaluation should be more than that: it is a force for driving change, carrying a sociological and political…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Rishi Bommasani

As research and industry moves towards large-scale models capable of numerous downstream tasks, the complexity of understanding multi-modal datasets that give nuance to models rapidly increases. A clear and thorough understanding of a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Mahima Pushkarna , Andrew Zaldivar , Oddur Kjartansson

By design, large language models (LLMs) are static general-purpose models, expensive to retrain or update frequently. As they are increasingly adopted for knowledge-intensive tasks, it becomes evident that these design choices lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Shangbin Feng , Weijia Shi , Yuyang Bai , Vidhisha Balachandran , Tianxing He , Yulia Tsvetkov

Benchmarking is seen as critical to assessing progress in NLP. However, creating a benchmark involves many design decisions (e.g., which datasets to include, which metrics to use) that often rely on tacit, untested assumptions about what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Yu Lu Liu , Su Lin Blodgett , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung , Q. Vera Liao , Alexandra Olteanu , Ziang Xiao

Questions of fairness, robustness, and transparency are paramount to address before deploying NLP systems. Central to these concerns is the question of reliability: Can NLP systems reliably treat different demographics fairly and function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Samson Tan , Shafiq Joty , Kathy Baxter , Araz Taeihagh , Gregory A. Bennett , Min-Yen Kan

Developing documentation guidelines and easy-to-use templates for datasets and models is a challenging task, especially given the variety of backgrounds, skills, and incentives of the people involved in the building of natural language…

In NLP, models are usually evaluated by reporting single-number performance scores on a number of readily available benchmarks, without much deeper analysis. Here, we argue that - especially given the well-known fact that benchmarks often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Daniel Simig , Tianlu Wang , Verna Dankers , Peter Henderson , Khuyagbaatar Batsuren , Dieuwke Hupkes , Mona Diab

Financial question answering (QA) over long corporate filings requires evidence to satisfy strict constraints on entities, financial metrics, fiscal periods, and numeric values. However, existing LLM-based rerankers primarily optimize…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yixi Zhou , Fan Zhang , Yu Chen , Haipeng Zhang , Preslav Nakov , Zhuohan Xie

In 2019, the paper entitled "Model Cards for Model Reporting" introduced a new tool for documenting model performance and encouraged the practice of transparent reporting for a defined list of categories. One of the categories detailed in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-26 DeBrae Kennedy-Mayo , Jake Gord

To address a looming crisis of unreproducible evaluation for named entity recognition, we propose guidelines and introduce SeqScore, a software package to improve reproducibility. The guidelines we propose are extremely simple and center…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Chester Palen-Michel , Nolan Holley , Constantine Lignos

Objectives: To evaluate the current limitations of large language models (LLMs) in medical question answering, focusing on the quality of datasets used for their evaluation. Materials and Methods: Widely-used benchmark datasets, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mahmoud Alwakeel , Aditya Nagori , Vijay Krishnamoorthy , Rishikesan Kamaleswaran