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One way to increase confidence in the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs) is to support them with reasoning that is clear and easy to check -- a property we call legibility. We study legibility in the context of solving grade-school…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Jan Hendrik Kirchner , Yining Chen , Harri Edwards , Jan Leike , Nat McAleese , Yuri Burda

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a standard paradigm for post-training language models, but in practice, verifiers are rarely perfect. Recent theoretical work predicts that verifier noise affects the rate of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ryo Mitsuhashi , Patrick Chen , Isabelle Tseng , Jasin Cekinmez , Addison J. Wu

Given the claims of improved text generation quality across various pre-trained neural models, we consider the coherence evaluation of machine generated text to be one of the principal applications of coherence models that needs to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Prathyusha Jwalapuram , Shafiq Joty , Xiang Lin

Negative control is a common technique in scientific investigations and broadly refers to the situation where a null effect (''negative result'') is expected. Motivated by a real proteomic dataset, we will present three promising and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-21 Zijun Gao , Qingyuan Zhao

Recent work on language model self-improvement shows that models can refine their own reasoning through reflection, verification, debate, or self-generated rewards. However, most existing approaches rely on external critics, learned reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Mandar Parab

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in Natural Language Processing (NLP), yet their cross-lingual performance consistency remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a novel methodology for efficiently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zixiang Xu , Yanbo Wang , Yue Huang , Xiuying Chen , Jieyu Zhao , Meng Jiang , Xiangliang Zhang

Question answering (QA) can only make progress if we know if an answer is correct, but current answer correctness (AC) metrics struggle with verbose, free-form answers from large language models (LLMs). There are two challenges with current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zongxia Li , Ishani Mondal , Yijun Liang , Huy Nghiem , Jordan Lee Boyd-Graber

Single-prompt accuracy is the dominant way to benchmark language models, but it can miss reliability failures that matter. We evaluate a 15-model open-weight corpus, with the main reliability analyses focused on 10 instruct models across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ranit Karmakar , Jayita Chatterjee

Falsification has emerged as an important tool for simulation-based verification of autonomous systems. In this paper, we present extensions to the Scenic scenario specification language and VerifAI toolkit that improve the scalability of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Kesav Viswanadha , Edward Kim , Francis Indaheng , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia

Statistical model checking delivers quantitative verification results with statistical guarantees by applying Monte Carlo simulation to formal models. It scales to model sizes and model types that are out of reach for exhaustive, analytical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Pedro R. D'Argenio , Arnd Hartmanns , Patrick Wienhöft , Mark van Wijk

Most scientific disciplines use significance testing to draw conclusions about experimental or observational data. This classical approach provides a theoretical guarantee for controlling the number of false positives across a set of…

Applications · Statistics 2023-03-06 Stanley E. Lazic

Tuning parameters in supervised learning problems are often estimated by cross-validation. The minimum value of the cross-validation error can be biased downward as an estimate of the test error at that same value of the tuning parameter.…

Applications · Statistics 2009-08-21 Ryan J. Tibshirani , Robert Tibshirani

In the deployment of large language models (LLMs), accurate confidence estimation is critical for assessing the credibility of model predictions. However, existing methods often fail to overcome the issue of overconfidence on incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Pei Wang , Yejie Wang , Muxi Diao , Keqing He , Guanting Dong , Weiran Xu

The optimization problems associated with training generative adversarial neural networks can be largely reduced to certain {\em non-monotone} variational inequality problems (VIPs), whereas existing convergence results are mostly based on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-09 Chaobing Song , Zhengyuan Zhou , Yichao Zhou , Yong Jiang , Yi Ma

Auto-active program verification rests on the ability to effectively the translation from annotated programs into verification conditions that are then discharged by automated theorem provers in the background. Characteristic such tools,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Gidon Ernst

Reliable confidence estimation for the predictions is important in many safety-critical applications. However, modern deep neural networks are often overconfident for their incorrect predictions. Recently, many calibration methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Fei Zhu , Zhen Cheng , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Many machine learning models have important structural tuning parameters that cannot be directly estimated from the data. The common tactic for setting these parameters is to use resampling methods, such as cross--validation or the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-28 Max Kuhn

Education in the practical applications of logic and proving such as the formal specification and verification of computer programs is substantially hampered by the fact that most time and effort that is invested in proving is actually…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Wolfgang Schreiner , Alexander Brunhuemer , Christoph Fürst

Quantitative properties of stochastic systems are usually specified in logics that allow one to compare the measure of executions satisfying certain temporal properties with thresholds. The model checking problem for stochastic systems with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-05-11 Axel Legay , Benoit Delahaye

The prevailing approach for training and evaluating paraphrase identification models is constructed as a binary classification problem: the model is given a pair of sentences, and is judged by how accurately it classifies pairs as either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Hannah Chen , Yangfeng Ji , David Evans