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Existing benchmarks for Large Language Model (LLM) agents focus on task completion under idealistic settings but overlook reliability in real-world, user-facing applications. In domains, such as in-car voice assistants, users often issue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Johannes Kirmayr , Lukas Stappen , Elisabeth André

A large amount of work has been done in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for modeling and solving problems with multiple interacting agents. However, most LLMs are pretrained independently and not specifically optimized for coordination. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Shuo Liu , Tianle Chen , Zeyu Liang , Xueguang Lyu , Christopher Amato

Building effective clinical decision support systems requires the synthesis of complex heterogeneous multimodal data. Such modalities include temporal electronic health records data, medical images, radiology reports, and clinical notes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Baraa Al Jorf , Farah E. Shamout

We introduce SOCK, a benchmark command line interface (CLI) that measures large language models' (LLMs) ability to self-replicate without human intervention. In this benchmark, self-replication is defined not only as an LLM's ability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Justin Chavarria , Rohan Raizada , Justin White , Eyad Alhetairshi

Vision-language-action (VLA) models are effective robot action executors, but they remain limited on long-horizon tasks due to the dual burden of extended closed-loop planning and diverse physical operations. We therefore propose…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zixing Lei , Changxing Liu , Yichen Xiong , Minhao Xiong , Yuanzhuo Ding , Zhipeng Zhang , Weixin Li , Siheng Chen

The recent trend of using Large Language Models (LLMs) as tool agents in real-world applications underscores the necessity for comprehensive evaluations of their capabilities, particularly in complex scenarios involving planning, creating,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Shijue Huang , Wanjun Zhong , Jianqiao Lu , Qi Zhu , Jiahui Gao , Weiwen Liu , Yutai Hou , Xingshan Zeng , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Ruifeng Xu , Qun Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated a remarkable ability to serve as general-purpose tools for various language-based tasks. Recent works have demonstrated that the efficacy of such models can be improved through iterative dialog…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Andrew Estornell , Jean-Francois Ton , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

With extensive pre-trained knowledge and high-level general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) emerge as a promising avenue to augment reinforcement learning (RL) in aspects such as multi-task learning, sample efficiency, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yuji Cao , Huan Zhao , Yuheng Cheng , Ting Shu , Yue Chen , Guolong Liu , Gaoqi Liang , Junhua Zhao , Jinyue Yan , Yun Li

As autonomous agents become more prevalent, understanding their collective behaviour in strategic interactions is crucial. This study investigates the emergent cooperative tendencies of systems of Large Language Model (LLM) agents in a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Richard Willis , Yali Du , Joel Z Leibo , Michael Luck

We introduce ETOM, a five-level benchmark for evaluating multi-hop, end-to-end tool orchestration by LLM agents within a hierarchical Model-Context Protocol (MCP) ecosystem. Existing benchmarks often assess tools in isolation, overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jia-Kai Dong , I-Wei Huang , Chun-Tin Wu , Yi-Tien Tsai

The rapid advancement of chat-based language models has led to remarkable progress in complex task-solving. However, their success heavily relies on human input to guide the conversation, which can be challenging and time-consuming. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Guohao Li , Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Hani Itani , Dmitrii Khizbullin , Bernard Ghanem

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have revealed their potential for achieving autonomous agents possessing human-level intelligence. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating LLM Agents either use static datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Junzhe Chen , Xuming Hu , Shuodi Liu , Shiyu Huang , Wei-Wei Tu , Zhaofeng He , Lijie Wen

Designing robotic agents to perform open vocabulary tasks has been the long-standing goal in robotics and AI. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in creating robotic agents for performing open vocabulary…

The massive successes of large language models (LLMs) encourage the emerging exploration of LLM-augmented Autonomous Agents (LAAs). An LAA is able to generate actions with its core LLM and interact with environments, which facilitates the…

Existing benchmarks that assess Language Models (LMs) as Language Agents (LAs) for tool use primarily focus on stateless, single-turn interactions or partial evaluations, such as tool selection in a single turn, overlooking the inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hongru Wang , Wenyu Huang , Yufei Wang , Yuanhao Xi , Jianqiao Lu , Huan Zhang , Nan Hu , Zeming Liu , Jeff Z. Pan , Kam-Fai Wong

Recent advances in agentic AI have shifted the focus from standalone Large Language Models (LLMs) to integrated systems that combine LLMs with tools, memory, and other agents to perform complex tasks. These multi-agent architectures enable…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Sreemaee Akshathala , Bassam Adnan , Mahisha Ramesh , Karthik Vaidhyanathan , Basil Muhammed , Kannan Parthasarathy

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly act as autonomous agents that must decide when to answer directly vs. when to invoke external tools. Prior work studying adaptive tool use has largely treated tool necessity as a model-agnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yize Cheng , Chenrui Fan , Mahdi JafariRaviz , Keivan Rezaei , Soheil Feizi

This paper presents a benchmark self-evolving framework to dynamically evaluate rapidly advancing Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming for a more accurate assessment of their capabilities and limitations. We utilize a multi-agent system to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Siyuan Wang , Zhuohan Long , Zhihao Fan , Zhongyu Wei , Xuanjing Huang

In recent developments within the research community, the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) in creating fully autonomous agents has garnered significant interest. Despite this, LLM-based agents frequently demonstrate notable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Xueyang Feng , Zhi-Yuan Chen , Yujia Qin , Yankai Lin , Xu Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Ji-Rong Wen

This study proposes LiP-LLM: integrating linear programming and dependency graph with large language models (LLMs) for multi-robot task planning. In order for multiple robots to perform tasks more efficiently, it is necessary to manage the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kazuma Obata , Tatsuya Aoki , Takato Horii , Tadahiro Taniguchi , Takayuki Nagai