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In this paper we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), a versatile, flexible and customizable optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. CBO is a multi-particle…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Konstantin Riedl

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a class of metaheuristic algorithms designed for global optimization problems. In the many-particle limit, classical CBO dynamics can be rigorously connected to mean-field equations that ensure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Jonathan Franceschi , Lorenzo Pareschi , Mattia Zanella

A novel multiscale consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm for solving bi- and tri-level optimization problems is introduced. Existing CBO techniques are generalized by the proposed method through the employment of multiple interacting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Michael Herty , Yuyang Huang , Dante Kalise , Hicham Kouhkouh

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle metaheuristic optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. It has proven effective in various applications…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Massimo Fornasier , Peter Richtárik , Konstantin Riedl , Lukang Sun

In this paper, we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), which is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method that can globally minimize nonconvex nonsmooth functions and is amenable to theoretical analysis. Based on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Konstantin Riedl

In this paper we study anisotropic consensus-based optimization (CBO), a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method capable of globally minimizing nonconvex and nonsmooth functions in high dimensions. CBO is based on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-26 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Konstantin Riedl

This paper is concerned with the large particle limit for the consensus-based optimization (CBO), which was postulated in the pioneering works [6,28]. In order to solve this open problem, we adapt a compactness argument by first proving the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Hui Huang , Jinniao Qiu

We establish a uniform-in-time estimate for the mean-field convergence of the Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm by rescaling the consensus point in the dynamics with a small parameter $\kappa \in (0,1)$. This uniform-in-time…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Hui Huang , Hicham Kouhkouh

We consider optimizing two-layer neural networks in the mean-field regime where the learning dynamics of network weights can be approximated by the evolution in the space of probability measures over the weight parameters associated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Jingwei Zhang , Xunpeng Huang , Jincheng Yu

We introduce a novel first-order stochastic swarm intelligence (SI) model in the spirit of consensus formation models, namely a consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm, which may be used for the global optimization of a function in…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-10-06 René Pinnau , Claudia Totzeck , Oliver Tse , Stephan Martin

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle optimization method for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. Proofs of global convergence in probability have been achieved for a broad…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Jonas Beddrich , Enis Chenchene , Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Barbara Wohlmuth

Consensus based optimization (CBO) employs a swarm of particles evolving as a system of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Recently, it has been adapted to yield a derivative free sampling method referred to as consensus based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-06 Marvin Koß , Simon Weissmann , Jakob Zech

This paper studies a class of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) models featuring an additional stochastic rate of information, modeling the agents' knowledge of the environment and energy landscape. The well-posedness of the stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Stefano Almi , Alessandro Baldi , Marco Morandotti , Francesco Solombrino

For algorithms based on interacting particle systems that admit a mean-field description, convergence analysis is often more accessible at the mean-field level. In order to transfer convergence results obtained at the mean-field level to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Nicolai Jurek Gerber , Franca Hoffmann , Urbain Vaes

We propose a gradient-free deep reinforcement learning algorithm to solve high-dimensional, finite-horizon stochastic control problems. Although the recently developed deep reinforcement learning framework has achieved great success in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-03 Liyao Lyu , Jingrun Chen

We analyze a zeroth-order particle algorithm for the global optimization of a non-convex function, focusing on a variant of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) with small but fixed noise intensity. Unlike most previous studies restricted to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Pascal Bianchi , Radu-Alexandru Dragomir , Victor Priser

Federated learning is an important framework in modern machine learning that seeks to integrate the training of learning models from multiple users, each user having their own local data set, in a way that is sensitive to data privacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Jose A. Carrillo , Nicolas Garcia Trillos , Sixu Li , Yuhua Zhu

Global optimization of a non-convex objective function often appears in large-scale machine-learning and artificial intelligence applications. Recently, consensus-based optimization (in short CBO) methods have been introduced as one of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-21 Seung-Yeal Ha , Shi Jin , Doheon Kim

In this work we extend the class of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) metaheuristic methods by considering memory effects and a random selection strategy. The proposed algorithm iteratively updates a population of particles according to a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-16 Giacomo Borghi , Sara Grassi , Lorenzo Pareschi

We calibrate parameters of neural networks that model forces in interaction dynamics with the help of the Consensus-based global optimization method (CBO). We state the general framework of interaction particle systems driven by neural…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-13 Simone Göttlich , Claudia Totzeck
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