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A/B testing is an important decision-making tool in product development for evaluating user engagement or satisfaction from a new service, feature or product. The goal of A/B testing is to estimate the average treatment effects (ATE) of a…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-21 Yifan Zhou , Yang Liu , Ping Li , Feifang Hu

Randomised field experiments, such as A/B testing, have long been the gold standard for evaluating the value that new software brings to customers. However, running randomised field experiments is not always desired, possible or even…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Yuchu Liu , David Issa Mattos , Jan Bosch , Helena Holmström Olsson , Jonn Lantz

The rollout of new versions of a feature in modern applications is a manual multi-stage process, as the feature is released to ever larger groups of users, while its performance is carefully monitored. This kind of A/B testing is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Andrés Muñoz Medina , Sergei Vassilvitskii , Dong Yin

The widespread adoption of randomized controlled trials (A/B Tests) for decision-making has introduced a pervasive "Winner's Curse": experiments selected for launch often exhibit upwardly biased effect estimates and invalid confidence…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-16 Richard Mudd , Abbas Zaidi , Rina Friedberg , Ilya Gorbachev , Anchal Choubey , Houssam Nassif

A/B experiments are commonly used in research to compare the effects of changing one or more variables in two different experimental groups - a control group and a treatment group. While the benefits of using A/B experiments are widely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Andrew Hornback , Sungeun An , Scott Bunin , Stephen Buckley , John Kos , Ashok Goel

A/B testing is ubiquitous within the machine learning and data science operations of internet companies. Generically, the idea is to perform a statistical test of the hypothesis that a new feature is better than the existing platform---for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-11 David Goldberg , James E. Johndrow

Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) are fundamental to data-driven decision-making in the digital economy. However, their real-world application is frequently compromised by two critical shortcomings: the use of statistically flawed…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-30 Srijesh Pillai , Rajesh Kumar Chandrawat

Online A/B tests have become increasingly popular and important for social platforms. However, accurately estimating the global average treatment effect (GATE) has proven to be challenging due to network interference, which violates the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-27 Qianyi Chen , Bo Li , Lu Deng , Yong Wang

Recently, phase II trials with multiple schedules (frequency of administrations) have become more popular, for instance in the development of treatments for atopic dermatitis. If the relationship of the dose and response is described by a…

Applications · Statistics 2020-11-17 Burak Kürsad Günhan , Paul Meyvisch , Tim Friede

Online experimentation (or A/B testing) has been widely adopted in industry as the gold standard for measuring product impacts. Despite the wide adoption, few literatures discuss A/B testing with quantile metrics. Quantile metrics, such as…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-22 Min Liu , Xiaohui Sun , Maneesh Varshney , Ya Xu

Self-training often falls short under distribution shifts due to an increased discrepancy between prediction confidence and actual accuracy. This typically necessitates computationally demanding methods such as neighborhood or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Taejong Joo , Diego Klabjan

A/B testing is one of the most successful applications of statistical theory in modern Internet age. One problem of Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing (NHST), the backbone of A/B testing methodology, is that experimenters are not allowed…

Applications · Statistics 2016-02-18 Alex Deng , Jiannan Lu , Shouyuan Chen

Adaptive enrichment trials aim to identify and recruit participants most likely to benefit from treatment based on evolving biomarker evidence, with the goal of informing individualized treatment recommendations. Bayesian methods are well…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-11 Lara Maleyeff , Shirin Golchi , Erica E. M. Moodie

Accurate detection of infected individuals is one of the critical steps in stopping any pandemic. When the underlying infection rate of the disease is low, testing people in groups, instead of testing each individual in the population, can…

Online controlled experiments (A/B testing) are fundamental to data-driven decision-making in many companies. Improving the sensitivity of these experiments under fixed sample size constraints requires reducing the variance of the average…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Zhexiao Lin , Pablo Crespo

Background: Pairwise and network meta-analyses using fixed effect and random effects models are commonly applied to synthesise evidence from randomised controlled trials. The models differ in their assumptions and the interpretation of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-04 Shijie Ren , Jeremy E. Oakley , John W. Stevens

We study the problem of continual test-time adaption where the goal is to adapt a source pre-trained model to a sequence of unlabelled target domains at test time. Existing methods on test-time training suffer from several limitations: (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kien X. Nguyen , Fengchun Qiao , Xi Peng

Learning heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is an important problem across many fields. Most existing methods consider the setting with a single treatment arm and a single outcome metric. However, in many real world domains, experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Leon Yao , Caroline Lo , Israel Nir , Sarah Tan , Ariel Evnine , Adam Lerer , Alex Peysakhovich

The availability of data from multiple heterogeneous environments has motivated methods that remain reliable under distributional shifts. When the joint distribution of response and predictors varies across environments, the response may…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-29 Ruqian Zhang , Juan Shen , Yijiao Zhang

Clinical trials are an integral component of medical research. Trials require careful design to, for example, maintain the safety of participants, use resources efficiently and allow clinically meaningful conclusions to be drawn. Adaptive…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-17 James M. McGree , Antony M. Overstall , Mark Jones , Robert K. Mahar