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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated substantial value in unified text-image understanding and reasoning, primarily by converting images into sequences of patch-level tokens that align with their architectural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xinliang Zhang , Lei Zhu , Hangzhou He , Shuang Zeng , Ourui Fu , Jiakui Hu , Zhengjian Yao , Yanye Lu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have remarkably enhanced performances on a variety of tasks in multiple languages. However, tokenizers in LLMs trained primarily on English-centric corpora often overly fragment a text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jimin Hong , Gibbeum Lee , Jaewoong Cho

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to data-intensive workflows, from database querying to developer observability. Yet the effectiveness of these systems is constrained by the volume, verbosity, and noise of real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Marcus Emmanuel Barnes , Taher A. Ghaleb , Safwat Hassan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive quality when applied to predictive tasks such as relevance ranking and semantic search. However, deployment of such LLMs remains prohibitively expensive for industry applications…

Prompt engineering enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks. However, lengthy prompts significantly increase computational complexity and economic costs. To address this issue, we study six prompt compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Zheng Zhang , Jinyi Li , Yihuai Lan , Xiang Wang , Hao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world applications, yet little is known about their training dynamics at the token level. Evaluation typically relies on aggregated training loss, measured at the batch level, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Andrea Pinto , Tomer Galanti , Randall Balestriero

Low-rank and sparse composite approximation is a natural idea to compress Large Language Models (LLMs). However, such an idea faces two primary challenges that adversely affect the performance of existing methods. The first challenge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Changhai Zhou , Qian Qiao , Yuhua Zhou , Yuxin Wu , Shichao Weng , Weizhong Zhang , Cheng Jin

Recent techniques such as retrieval-augmented generation or chain-of-thought reasoning have led to longer contexts and increased inference costs. Context compression techniques can reduce these costs, but the most effective approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Hippolyte Pilchen , Edouard Grave , Patrick Pérez

Language models typically tokenize raw text into sequences of subword identifiers from a predefined vocabulary, a process inherently sensitive to typographical errors, length variations, and largely oblivious to the internal structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yekun Chai , Yewei Fang , Qiwei Peng , Xuhong Li

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have demonstrated strong performance in audio understanding and generation. Yet, our extensive benchmarking reveals that their behavior is largely generic (e.g., summarizing spoken content) and fails to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yuwen Wang , Xinyuan Qian , Tian-Hao Zhang , Jiaran Gao , Yuchen Pan , Xin Wang , Zhou Pan , Chen Wei , Yiming Wang

The Audio Question Answering (AQA) task includes audio event classification, audio captioning, and open-ended reasoning. Recently, AQA has garnered attention due to the advent of Large Audio Language Models (LALMs). Current literature…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Arvind Krishna Sridhar , Yinyi Guo , Erik Visser

With the rise of Speech Large Language Models (Speech LLMs), there has been growing interest in discrete speech tokens for their ability to integrate with text-based tokens seamlessly. Compared to most studies that focus on continuous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Dingdong Wang , Mingyu Cui , Dongchao Yang , Xueyuan Chen , Helen Meng

In this report, we investigate the potential use of large language models (LLM's) in the task of data compression. Previous works have demonstrated promising results in applying LLM's towards compressing not only text, but also a wide range…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Chen-Han Tsai

Recent work has shown that scaling large language models (LLMs) improves their alignment with human brain activity, yet it remains unclear what drives these gains and which representational properties are responsible. Although larger models…

Speech tokenizers are essential for connecting speech to large language models (LLMs) in multimodal systems. These tokenizers are expected to preserve both semantic and acoustic information for downstream understanding and generation.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Xuan Shi , Chang Zeng , Tiantian Feng , Shih-Heng Wang , Jianbo Ma , Shrikanth Narayanan

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing through audio codecs that convert audio into discrete tokens, enabling the application of language modeling techniques to audio data. However, audio codecs often…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Edresson Casanova , Ryan Langman , Paarth Neekhara , Shehzeen Hussain , Jason Li , Subhankar Ghosh , Ante Jukić , Sang-gil Lee

Existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) process a large number of visual tokens, leading to significant computational costs and inefficiency. Instruction-related visual token compression demonstrates strong task relevance, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Lei Lei , Jie Gu , Xiaokang Ma , Chu Tang , Jingmin Chen , Tong Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have become proficient at solving a wide variety of tasks, including those involving multi-modal inputs. In particular, instantiating an LLM (such as LLaMA) with a speech encoder and training it on paired data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Desh Raj , Gil Keren , Junteng Jia , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli

Language models (LMs) are machine learning models designed to predict linguistic patterns by estimating the probability of word sequences based on large-scale datasets, such as text. LMs have a wide range of applications in natural language…

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