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Pre-trained vision-language models (e.g., CLIP) have shown promising zero-shot generalization in many downstream tasks with properly designed text prompts. Instead of relying on hand-engineered prompts, recent works learn prompts using the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Manli Shu , Weili Nie , De-An Huang , Zhiding Yu , Tom Goldstein , Anima Anandkumar , Chaowei Xiao

We present Diffusion-KTO, a novel approach for aligning text-to-image diffusion models by formulating the alignment objective as the maximization of expected human utility. Since this objective applies to each generation independently,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Shufan Li , Konstantinos Kallidromitis , Akash Gokul , Yusuke Kato , Kazuki Kozuka

Deep classifiers may encounter significant performance degradation when processing unseen testing data from varying centers, vendors, and protocols. Ensuring the robustness of deep models against these domain shifts is crucial for their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Yuhao Huang , Xin Yang , Xiaoqiong Huang , Xinrui Zhou , Haozhe Chi , Haoran Dou , Xindi Hu , Jian Wang , Xuedong Deng , Dong Ni

Test time adaptation (TTA) equips deep learning models to handle unseen test data that deviates from the training distribution, even when source data is inaccessible. While traditional TTA methods often rely on entropy as a confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Afshar Shamsi , Rejisa Becirovic , Ahmadreza Argha , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Arash Mohammadi

Recently, test-time adaptation (TTA) has been proposed as a promising solution for addressing distribution shifts. It allows a base model to adapt to an unforeseen distribution during inference by leveraging the information from the batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Tong Wu , Feiran Jia , Xiangyu Qi , Jiachen T. Wang , Vikash Sehwag , Saeed Mahloujifar , Prateek Mittal

Deep neural networks often degrade under distribution shifts. Although domain adaptation offers a solution, privacy constraints often prevent access to source data, making Test-Time Adaptation (TTA, which adapts using only unlabeled test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Linjing You , Jiabao Lu , Xiayuan Huang

On-device adapting to continual, unpredictable domain shifts is essential for mobile applications like autonomous driving and augmented reality to deliver seamless user experiences in evolving environments. Test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Cheng Fang , Sicong Liu , Zimu Zhou , Bin Guo , Jiaqi Tang , Ke Ma , Zhiwen Yu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to transfer knowledge from a source model to unknown test data with potential distribution shifts in an online manner. Many existing TTA methods rely on entropy as a confidence metric to optimize the model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chang'an Yi , Xiaohui Deng , Shuaicheng Niu , Yan Zhou

Standard Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods typically treat inference as a blind optimization task, applying generic objectives to all or filtered test samples. In safety-critical medical segmentation, this lack of selectivity often causes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kartik Jhawar , Lipo Wang

Fully test-time adaptation aims at adapting a pre-trained model to the test stream during real-time inference, which is urgently required when the test distribution differs from the training distribution. Several efforts have been devoted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Bowen Zhao , Chen Chen , Shu-Tao Xia

Spoken Language Models (SLMs) are increasingly central to modern speech-driven applications, but performance degrades under acoustic shift - real-world noise, reverberation, and microphone variation. Prior solutions rely on offline domain…

The new paradigm of test-time scaling has yielded remarkable breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) (e.g. reasoning models) and in generative vision models, allowing models to allocate additional computation during inference to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Luca Eyring , Shyamgopal Karthik , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Nataniel Ruiz , Zeynep Akata

Person re-identification (re-id), which aims to retrieve images of the same person in a given image from a database, is one of the most practical image recognition applications. In the real world, however, the environments that the images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kazuki Adachi , Shohei Enomoto , Taku Sasaki , Shin'ya Yamaguchi

The efficient Test-Time Scaling (TTS) paradigm offers a promising perspective for enhancing the generation performance of diffusion models. However, current solutions are limited to a static, pre-defined noise pool and suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Gang Dai , Yining Huang , Yiming Xia , Guohao Chen , Shuaicheng Niu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) for large language models (LLMs) updates model parameters at inference time using signals available at deployment. This paper focuses on a common yet under-explored regime: unsupervised, sample-specific TTA, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Longhuan Xu , Cunjian Chen , Feng Yin

Recent years have seen significant progress in Text-To-Audio (TTA) synthesis, enabling users to enrich their creative workflows with synthetic audio generated from natural language prompts. Despite this progress, the effects of data, model…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Sang-gil Lee , Zhifeng Kong , Arushi Goel , Sungwon Kim , Rafael Valle , Bryan Catanzaro

This tutorial provides an in-depth guide on inference-time guidance and alignment methods for optimizing downstream reward functions in diffusion models. While diffusion models are renowned for their generative modeling capabilities,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Masatoshi Uehara , Yulai Zhao , Chenyu Wang , Xiner Li , Aviv Regev , Sergey Levine , Tommaso Biancalani

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods are often computationally expensive, require a large amount of data for effective adaptation, or are brittle to hyperparameters. Based on a theoretical foundation of the geometry of the latent space, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alexander Murphy , Michal Danilowski , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Abhirup Ghosh

In this paper, we seek to develop a versatile test-time adaptation (TTA) objective for a variety of tasks - classification and regression across image-, object-, and pixel-level predictions. We achieve this through a self-bootstrapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Shuaicheng Niu , Guohao Chen , Peilin Zhao , Tianyi Wang , Pengcheng Wu , Zhiqi Shen

Pretrained VLMs exhibit strong zero-shot classification capabilities, but their predictions degrade significantly under common image corruptions. To improve robustness, many test-time adaptation (TTA) methods adopt positive data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ruxi Deng , Wenxuan Bao , Tianxin Wei , Jingrui He