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This work aims to investigate how different Large Language Models (LLMs) alignment methods affect the models' responses to prompt attacks. We selected open source models based on the most common alignment methods, namely, Supervised…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across various reasoning tasks. However, even state-of-the-art LLMs such as ChatGPT are prone to logical errors during their reasoning processes. Existing solutions, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Chi Hu , Yuan Ge , Xiangnan Ma , Hang Cao , Qiang Li , Yonghua Yang , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive language understanding and the capacity to generate responses that follow specific prompts. However, due to the computational demands associated with training these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Yida Mu , Ben P. Wu , William Thorne , Ambrose Robinson , Nikolaos Aletras , Carolina Scarton , Kalina Bontcheva , Xingyi Song

Large language models (LLMs) are now widely used across many fields, including marketing research. Sentiment analysis, in particular, helps firms understand consumer preferences. While most NLP studies classify sentiment from review text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Junichiro Niimi

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to $``$learn in context$"$ based on the provided prompt has led to an explosive growth in their use, culminating in the proliferation of AI assistants such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Bard. These AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Namrata Shivagunde , Vladislav Lialin , Sherin Muckatira , Anna Rumshisky

Fixed reasoning benchmarks evaluate canonical prompts, but semantically valid changes in presentation can still change model behavior. Studies of prompt variation can reveal such failures, but without audit they can mix genuine model errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongmin Li

Prompt design plays a critical role in the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), yet the impact of prompt specificity - how detailed or vague a prompt is - remains understudied. This paper introduces DETAIL, a framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Olivia Kim

Prompt engineering is essential for optimizing large language models (LLMs), yet the link between prompt structures and task performance remains underexplored. This work introduces an evolutionary approach that combines context-free grammar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Gabriel Machado Santos , Rita Maria da Silva Julia , Marcelo Zanchetta do Nascimento

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be tasked with scoring texts according to pre-defined criteria and on a defined scale, but there is no recognised optimal prompting strategy for this. This article focuses on the task of LLMs scoring journal…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mike Thelwall

Assessing soft skills such as empathy, ethical judgment, and communication is essential in competitive selection processes, yet human scoring is often inconsistent and biased. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved Automated Essay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ryan Huynh , Frank Guerin , Alison Callwood

Automatic prompt generation plays a crucial role in enabling general-purpose multi-agent systems to perform diverse tasks autonomously. Existing methods typically evaluate prompts based on their immediate task performance, overlooking the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ke Chen , Yufei Zhou , Xitong Zhang , Haohan Wang

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet the influence of prompt sentiment, a latent affective characteristic of input text, remains underexplored. This study systematically examines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Vishal Gandhi , Sagar Gandhi

Prompt-learning has become a new paradigm in modern natural language processing, which directly adapts pre-trained language models (PLMs) to $cloze$-style prediction, autoregressive modeling, or sequence to sequence generation, resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Ning Ding , Shengding Hu , Weilin Zhao , Yulin Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Hai-Tao Zheng , Maosong Sun

Prompt tuning for pre-trained masked language models (MLM) has shown promising performance in natural language processing tasks with few labeled examples. It tunes a prompt for the downstream task, and a verbalizer is used to bridge the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Weisen Jiang , Yu Zhang , James T. Kwok

With the help of in-context learning (ICL), large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across various tasks. However, the function of descriptive instructions during ICL remains under-explored. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chenming Tang , Zhixiang Wang , Hao Sun , Yunfang Wu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for clinical decision support, yet most evaluations are conducted in English, leaving their reliability in other languages uncertain. Here we evaluate the impact of prompting language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Adrien Bazoge , Josselin Corvellec , Sofiane Djillali Sid-Ahmed , Pierre-Antoine Gourraud

While large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and PaLM have demonstrated remarkable performance in various language understanding and generation tasks, their capabilities in complex reasoning and intricate knowledge utilization still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haodi Zhang , Min Cai , Xinhe Zhang , Chen Jason Zhang , Rui Mao , Kaishun Wu

System prompts have emerged as a critical control surface for specifying the behavior of LLMs in chat and agent settings. Developers depend on system prompts to specify important context, output format, personalities, guardrails, content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Norman Mu , Jonathan Lu , Michael Lavery , David Wagner

The effectiveness of prompt learning has been demonstrated in different pre-trained language models. By formulating suitable template and choosing representative label mapping, prompt learning can be used as an efficient knowledge probe.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Jinta Weng , Yue Hu , Jing Qiu , Heyan Huan

With recent advancements in Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) across various domains, a novel prompting method called visual referring prompting has emerged, showing significant potential in enhancing human-computer interaction within…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Zongjie Li , Chaozheng Wang , Chaowei Liu , Pingchuan Ma , Daoyuan Wu , Shuai Wang , Cuiyun Gao