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We explore the effects of seasonal variability for the climate of Earth-like planets as determined by the two parameters polar obliquity and orbital eccentricity using a general circulation model of intermediate complexity. In the first…
Much of our understanding of the internal structure of the Sun derives from so-called standard theoretical solar models. Unfortunately, none of those models agrees completely with observation. The discrepancy is commonly associated with…
The habitable fraction of a planet's surface is important for the detectability of surface biosignatures. The extent and distribution of habitable areas is influenced by external parameters that control the planet's climate, atmospheric…
Models for spin systems, known from statistical physics, are applied analogously in econometrics in the form of agent-based models. The models discussed in the econophysics literature all use the state variable $T$, which, in physics,…
Condensation and sublimation of water vapors (and CO2, CH4, N2O vapors also) in the Earth atmosphere must be accompanied by emission of latent heats on characteristic frequencies marked in absorption spectra. Calculated wave lengths…
Temperature scale and the Boltzmann constant: The newest system of units is based on a compatible set of natural constants with fixed values. An example is the Boltzmann constant k which defines the thermal energy content kT. To express the…
At the early stage of the Universe-evolution there were no stars and no galaxies, but only a uniform hot plasma consisting of free electrons and free nuclei. The Universe temperature was determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of…
As a consequence of greenhouse forcing, all state of the art general circulation models predict a positive temperature trend that is greater for the troposphere than the surface. This predicted positive trend increases in value with…
Quantitative data on the solar wind, solar magnetic fields, solar eruptions, solar neutrinos, and on the planetary material orbiting the Sun all indicate the presence of an iron-rich solar interior and a neutron star at the core of the Sun.…
Habitable planets are commonly imagined to be temperate planets like Earth, with areas of open ocean and warm land. In contrast, planets in snowball states, where oceans are entirely ice-covered, are believed to be inhospitable. However, we…
Using a recently developed formalism, we present an in-depth analysis of how the thermodynamics of the climate system varies with CO2 concentration by performing experiments with a simplified yet Earth-like climate model. We find that, in…
We use the existence of habitable planets to impose anthropic requirements on the fine structure constant, $\alpha$. To this effect, we present two considerations that restrict its value to be very near the one observed. The first, that the…
The Sun is a standard reference object for Astrophysics and also a fascinating subject of study in its own right. X-ray and extreme ultraviolet movies of the Sun's atmosphere show an extraordinary diversity of plasma phenomena, from barely…
Despite all the efforts, there is no agreement on how temperature affects soil carbon decay and consequently soil CO2 emission, due to overlapping of environmental constraints. To gain further insight into the driving forces of soil…
The Sun is used as the fundamental standard in chemical abundance studies, thus it is important to know whether the solar abundance pattern is representative of the solar neighborhood. Albeit at low precision (0.05 - 0.10 dex) the Sun seems…
Based on theoretical and experimental consideration of the first (the Twomey effect) and second indirect aerosol effects the quasianalytic description of physical connection between the galactic cosmic rays intensity and the Earth's cloud…
An application of the general equation obtained in Part I to low critical temperature superconductors utilizing an "ad hoc" phononic theory is developed. Then, we arrive to a specific expression for the bounding energy as a function of…
Effects of solar wind and solar electromagnetic radiation on motion of asteroids are discussed. The results complete the statements presented in Vokrouhlick\'{y} and Milani (2000). As for the effect of electromagnetic radiation, the…
Earthshine is sunlight that has been reflected from the dayside Earth onto the dark side of the Moon and back again to Earth. In recent times, there has been renewed interest in ground-based visible and near-infrared measurements of…
The brightness temperature is an effective parameter that describes the physical properties of emitting material in astrophysical objects. It is commonly determined by imaging and modeling the structure of the emitting region and estimating…