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Here I present a small update to the bias-correction term in the Adam optimizer that has the advantage of making smaller gradient updates in the first several steps of training. With the default bias-correction, Adam may actually make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 John St John

Many adaptive optimization methods have been proposed and used in deep learning, in which Adam is regarded as the default algorithm and widely used in many deep learning frameworks. Recently, many variants of Adam, such as Adabound, RAdam…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Wei Yuan , Kai-Xin Gao

Following the introduction of Adam, several novel adaptive optimizers for deep learning have been proposed. These optimizers typically excel in some tasks but may not outperform Adam uniformly across all tasks. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Kaan Ozkara , Can Karakus , Parameswaran Raman , Mingyi Hong , Shoham Sabach , Branislav Kveton , Volkan Cevher

We observe that the traditional use of DP with the Adam optimizer introduces a bias in the second moment estimation, due to the addition of independent noise in the gradient computation. This bias leads to a different scaling for low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Qiaoyue Tang , Mathias Lécuyer

The Adam optimizer is a popular choice in contemporary deep learning, due to its strong empirical performance. However we observe that in privacy sensitive scenarios, the traditional use of Differential Privacy (DP) with the Adam optimizer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Qiaoyue Tang , Frederick Shpilevskiy , Mathias Lécuyer

Adaptive optimization algorithms, particularly Adam and its variant AdamW, are fundamental components of modern deep learning. However, their training dynamics lack comprehensive theoretical understanding, with limited insight into why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Rhys Gould , Hidenori Tanaka

Selecting an optimizer is a central step in the contemporary deep learning pipeline. In this paper, we demonstrate the sensitivity of optimizer comparisons to the hyperparameter tuning protocol. Our findings suggest that the hyperparameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Dami Choi , Christopher J. Shallue , Zachary Nado , Jaehoon Lee , Chris J. Maddison , George E. Dahl

A crucial component of machine learning algorithms is minimizing loss functions with less computational cost and less oscillations. While adaptive learning rate-based optimizers have been widely used for real-world tasks, they do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Sakshi Kumari , Shyam Kumar M , Sushmitha P

The performance of optimizers, particularly in deep learning, depends considerably on their chosen hyperparameter configuration. The efficacy of optimizers is often studied under near-optimal problem-specific hyperparameters, and finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Prabhu Teja Sivaprasad , Florian Mai , Thijs Vogels , Martin Jaggi , François Fleuret

One of the most popular training algorithms for deep neural networks is the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) introduced by Kingma and Ba. Despite its success in many applications there is no satisfactory convergence analysis: only local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Sebastian Bock , Martin Georg Weiß

The adaptive moment estimation algorithm Adam (Kingma and Ba) is a popular optimizer in the training of deep neural networks. However, Reddi et al. have recently shown that the convergence proof of Adam is problematic and proposed a variant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Tran Thi Phuong , Le Trieu Phong

Solving a problem with a deep learning model requires researchers to optimize the loss function with a certain optimization method. The research community has developed more than a hundred different optimizers, yet there is scarce data on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Dmitry Pasechnyuk , Anton Prazdnichnykh , Mikhail Evtikhiev , Timofey Bryksin

Often, what is termed algorithmic bias in machine learning will be due to historic bias in the training data. But sometimes the bias may be introduced (or at least exacerbated) by the algorithm itself. The ways in which algorithms can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Padraig Cunningham , Sarah Jane Delany

Optimization is essential in deep learning. The foundational method upon which most optimizers are built is momentum-based stochastic gradient descent. However, it suffers from two key drawbacks. First, it has noisy and varying gradients,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Saurabh Saini , Kapil Ahuja , Thomas Wick , Saurav Kumar

Modern adaptive optimization methods, such as Adam and its variants, have emerged as the most widely used tools in deep learning over recent years. These algorithms offer automatic mechanisms for dynamically adjusting the update step based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Son Nguyen , Bo Liu , Lizhang Chen , Qiang Liu

For a long period of time, Adam has served as the ubiquitous default choice for training deep neural networks. Recently, many new optimizers have been introduced, out of which Muon has perhaps gained the highest popularity due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Sara Dragutinović , Rajesh Ranganath

The adaptive optimizer for training neural networks has continually evolved to overcome the limitations of the previously proposed adaptive methods. Recent studies have found the rare counterexamples that Adam cannot converge to the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Kiwook Bae , Heechang Ryu , Hayong Shin

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) is a cornerstone optimization algorithm in deep learning, widely recognized for its flexibility with adaptive learning rates and efficiency in handling large-scale data. However, despite its practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ruinan Jin , Xiao Li , Yaoliang Yu , Baoxiang Wang

Adam is the de facto optimization algorithm for several deep learning applications, but an understanding of its implicit bias and how it differs from other algorithms, particularly standard first-order methods such as (stochastic) gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Bhavya Vasudeva , Jung Whan Lee , Vatsal Sharan , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

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