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Graph neural networks compute node representations by performing multiple message-passing steps that consist in local aggregations of node features. Having deep models that can leverage longer-range interactions between nodes is hindered by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Alessio Micheli , Domenico Tortorella

Recent works have investigated the role of graph bottlenecks in preventing long-range information propagation in message-passing graph neural networks, causing the so-called `over-squashing' phenomenon. As a remedy, graph rewiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Domenico Tortorella , Alessio Micheli

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hugo Attali , Nathalie Pernelle , Davide Buscaldi , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hugo Attali , Davide Buscaldi , Nathalie Pernelle , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Over-squashing is a challenge in training graph neural networks for tasks involving long-range dependencies. In such tasks, a GNN's receptive field should be large enough to enable communication between distant nodes. However, gathering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Tuğrul Hasan Karabulut , İnci M. Baytaş

Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) is the building block of graph foundation models, but fundamentally suffer from oversmoothing and oversquashing. There has recently been a surge of interest in fixing both issues. Existing efforts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Li Sun , Zhenhao Huang , Ming Zhang , Philip S. Yu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited state-of-the-art performance across wide-range of domains such as recommender systems, material design, and drug repurposing. Yet message-passing GNNs suffer from over-squashing -- exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Danial Saber , Amirali Salehi-Abari

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become pivotal tools for processing graph-structured data, leveraging the message passing scheme as their core mechanism. However, traditional GNNs often grapple with issues such as instability,…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Yuanhong Jiang , Dongmian Zou , Xiaoqun Zhang , Yu Guang Wang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great potential in the field of graph representation learning. Standard GNNs define a local message-passing mechanism which propagates information over the whole graph domain by stacking multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Xiaoxin He , Bryan Hooi , Thomas Laurent , Adam Perold , Yann LeCun , Xavier Bresson

The ability of message-passing neural networks (MPNNs) to fit complex functions over graphs is limited as most graph convolutions amplify the same signal across all feature channels, a phenomenon known as rank collapse, and over-smoothing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Andreas Roth , Franka Bause , Nils M. Kriege , Thomas Liebig

Message passing is the dominant paradigm in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). The efficiency of message passing, however, can be limited by the topology of the graph. This happens when information is lost during propagation due to being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Floriano Tori , Vincent Holst , Vincent Ginis

Recently, implicit graph neural networks (GNNs) have been proposed to capture long-range dependencies in underlying graphs. In this paper, we introduce and justify two weaknesses of implicit GNNs: the constrained expressiveness due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Juncheng Liu , Bryan Hooi , Kenji Kawaguchi , Xiaokui Xiao

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) perform computations on graphs by routing the signal between graph regions using a graph shift operator or a message passing scheme. Often, the propagation of the signal leads to a loss of information, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Eden Nagar , Ya-Wei Eileen Lin , Ron Levie

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are routinely used in molecular physics, social sciences, and economics to model many-body interactions in graph-like systems. However, GNNs are inherently local and can suffer from information flow bottlenecks.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 Alessandro Caruso , Jacopo Venturin , Lorenzo Giambagli , Edoardo Rolando , Frank Noé , Cecilia Clementi

Graph neural networks (GNNs) rely mainly on the message-passing paradigm to propagate node features and build interactions, and different graph learning problems require different ranges of node interactions. In this work, we explore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Fang Wu , Siyuan Li , Stan Z. Li

Message-passing graph neural networks (MPNNs) have emerged as the leading approach for machine learning on graphs, attracting significant attention in recent years. While a large set of works explored the expressivity of MPNNs, i.e., their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Antonis Vasileiou , Stefanie Jegelka , Ron Levie , Christopher Morris

Most graph neural networks (GNNs) are prone to the phenomenon of over-squashing in which node features become insensitive to information from distant nodes in the graph. Recent works have shown that the topology of the graph has the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Julia Balla

While message-passing neural networks (MPNNs) have shown promising results, their real-world impact remains limited. Although various limitations have been identified, their theoretical foundations remain poorly understood, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Andreas Roth

A common problem in Message-Passing Neural Networks is oversquashing -- the limited ability to facilitate effective information flow between distant nodes. Oversquashing is attributed to the exponential decay in information transmission as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Alessio Gravina , Moshe Eliasof , Claudio Gallicchio , Davide Bacciu , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are popular deep learning models designed to process graph-structured data through recursive neighborhood aggregations in the message passing process. When applied to semi-supervised node classification, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Kevin Mancini , Islem Rekik