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An advanced persistent threat (APT) refers to a covert, long-term cyberattack, typically conducted by state-sponsored actors, targeting critical sectors and often remaining undetected for long periods. In response, collective intelligence…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Shakhzod Yuldoshkhujaev , Mijin Jeon , Doowon Kim , Nick Nikiforakis , Hyungjoon Koo

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has brought significant advancements in network management and programmability. However, this evolution has also heightened vulnerability to Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), sophisticated and stealthy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Hedyeh Nazari , Abbas Yazdinejad , Ali Dehghantanha , Fattane Zarrinkalam , Gautam Srivastava

One of the most common and important destructive attacks on the victim system is Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)-attack. The APT attacker can achieve his hostile goals by obtaining information and gaining financial benefits regarding the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Javad Hassannataj Joloudari , Mojtaba Haderbadi , Amir Mashmool , Mohammad GhasemiGol , Shahab S. , Amir Mosavi

Large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP have demonstrated excellent zero-shot generalizability across various downstream tasks. However, recent studies have shown that the inference performance of CLIP can be greatly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xin Wang , Kai Chen , Jiaming Zhang , Jingjing Chen , Xingjun Ma

APT, known as Advanced Persistent Threat, is a difficult challenge for cyber defence. These threats make many traditional defences ineffective as the vulnerabilities exploited by these threats are insiders who have access to and are within…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Mohammad Mamun , Kevin Shi

Understanding the vulnerability of large-scale pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP against adversarial attacks is key to ensuring zero-shot generalization capacity on various downstream tasks. State-of-the-art defense mechanisms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Fan Yang , Mingxuan Xia , Sangzhou Xia , Chicheng Ma , Hui Hui

High-level natural language knowledge in CTI reports, such as the ATT&CK framework, is beneficial to counter APT attacks. However, how to automatically apply the high-level knowledge in CTI reports in realistic attack detection systems,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yuhan Meng , Shaofei Li , Jiaping Gui , Peng Jiang , Ding Li

With the increasing complexity of cyberattacks, the proactive and forward-looking nature of threat intelligence has become more crucial for threat detection and provenance analysis. However, translating high-level attack patterns described…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jingwen Li , Ru Zhang , Jianyi Liu , Wanguo Zhao

Advanced persistent threats (APT) are stealthy, sophisticated, and unpredictable cyberattacks that can steal intellectual property, damage critical infrastructure, or cause millions of dollars in damage. Detecting APTs by monitoring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Ghita Berrada , Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , James Cheney , William Maxwell , Himan Mookherjee , Alec Theriault , Ryan Wright

In this paper, we present HOLMES, a system that implements a new approach to the detection of Advanced and Persistent Threats (APTs). HOLMES is inspired by several case studies of real-world APTs that highlight some common goals of APT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Sadegh M. Milajerdi , Rigel Gjomemo , Birhanu Eshete , R. Sekar , V. N. Venkatakrishnan

Cyber attacks are becoming more sophisticated and diverse, making detection increasingly challenging. To combat these attacks, security practitioners actively summarize and exchange their knowledge about attacks across organizations in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Zhenyuan Li , Jun Zeng , Yan Chen , Zhenkai Liang

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) pose a significant security risk to organizations and industries. These attacks often lead to severe data breaches and compromise the system for a long time. Mitigating these sophisticated attacks is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Ehsan Hallaji , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Mehrdad Saif

Large pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, demonstrate impressive generalization but remain highly vulnerable to adversarial examples (AEs). Previous work has explored robust text prompts through adversarial training,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Xiaojun Jia , Sensen Gao , Simeng Qin , Ke Ma , Xinfeng Li , Yihao Huang , Wei Dong , Yang Liu , Xiaochun Cao

With the rapid advancement of multimodal learning, pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP have demonstrated remarkable capacities in bridging the gap between visual and language modalities. However, these models remain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Jiaming Zhang , Xingjun Ma , Xin Wang , Lingyu Qiu , Jiaqi Wang , Yu-Gang Jiang , Jitao Sang

Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) pose a major cybersecurity challenge due to their stealth, persistence, and adaptability. Traditional machine learning detectors struggle with class imbalance, high dimensional features, and scarce real…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Talal Rahwan

Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is being used to search for indicators of attacks that might have compromised an enterprise network for a long time without being discovered. To have a more effective analysis, CTI open standards have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Sadegh M. Milajerdi , Birhanu Eshete , Rigel Gjomemo , V. N. Venkatakrishnan

Advanced persistent threat (APT) attacks remain difficult to detect due to their stealth, adaptability, and use of legitimate system components. Provenance-based intrusion detection systems (PIDS) offer a promising defense by capturing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Robin Buchta , Carsten Kleiner , Felix Heine , Gabi Dreo Rodosek

Provenance analysis (PA) has recently emerged as an important solution for cyber attack investigation. PA leverages system monitoring to monitor system activities as a series of system audit events and organizes these events as a provenance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fei Shao , Jia Zou , Zhichao Cao , Xusheng Xiao

Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions embrace the method of attack provenance graph to discover unknown threats through system event correlation. However, this method still faces some unsolved problems in the fields of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Peilun Wu , Nan Sun , Nour Moustafa , Youyang Qu , Ming Ding

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a significant challenge in cybersecurity due to their sophisticated and stealthy nature. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) often fall short in detecting these multi-stage attacks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Atmane Ayoub Mansour Bahar , Kamel Soaid Ferrahi , Mohamed-Lamine Messai , Hamida Seba , Karima Amrouche