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We introduce AlphaGrad, a memory-efficient, conditionally stateless optimizer addressing the memory overhead and hyperparameter complexity of adaptive methods like Adam. AlphaGrad enforces scale invariance via tensor-wise L2 gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Soham Sane

The ADAM optimizer is exceedingly popular in the deep learning community. Often it works very well, sometimes it doesn't. Why? We interpret ADAM as a combination of two aspects: for each weight, the update direction is determined by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Lukas Balles , Philipp Hennig

In this paper, we provide a rigorous proof of convergence of the Adaptive Moment Estimate (Adam) algorithm for a wide class of optimization objectives. Despite the popularity and efficiency of the Adam algorithm in training deep neural…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-08 Haochuan Li , Alexander Rakhlin , Ali Jadbabaie

The non-convexity of the artificial neural network (ANN) training landscape brings inherent optimization difficulties. While the traditional back-propagation stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm and its variants are effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yatong Bai , Tanmay Gautam , Somayeh Sojoudi

Adaptive optimizers are pivotal in guiding the weight updates of deep neural networks, yet they often face challenges such as poor generalization and oscillation issues. To counter these, we introduce sigSignGrad and tanhSignGrad, two novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Hongye Zheng , Bingxing Wang , Minheng Xiao , Honglin Qin , Zhizhong Wu , Lianghao Tan

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the convergence properties of Adam-family methods for nonsmooth optimization, especially in the training of nonsmooth neural networks. We introduce a novel two-timescale framework that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-20 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

Methods with adaptive stepsizes, such as AdaGrad and Adam, are essential for training modern Deep Learning models, especially Large Language Models. Typically, the noise in the stochastic gradients is heavy-tailed for the later ones.…

We propose a continuous-time scheme for large-scale optimization that introduces individual, adaptive momentum coefficients regulated by the kinetic energy of each model parameter. This approach automatically adjusts to local landscape…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aikaterini Karoni , Rajit Rajpal , Benedict Leimkuhler , Gabriel Stoltz

The paper presents the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the ArcGD optimiser. The evaluation is conducted initially on a non-convex benchmark function and subsequently on a real-world ML dataset. The initial comparative study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nikhil Verma , Joonas Linnosmaa , Leonardo Espinosa-Leal , Napat Vajragupta

Within the current sphere of deep learning research, despite the extensive application of optimization algorithms such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), there remains a pronounced inadequacy in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Zhifeng Wang , Longlong Li , Chunyan Zeng

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are trained using stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based optimizers. Recently, the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer has become very popular due to its adaptive momentum, which tackles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 S. K. Roy , M. E. Paoletti , J. M. Haut , S. R. Dubey , P. Kar , A. Plaza , B. B. Chaudhuri

We introduce AdaAct, a novel optimization algorithm that adjusts learning rates according to activation variance. Our method enhances the stability of neuron outputs by incorporating neuron-wise adaptivity during the training process, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Hyunseok Seung , Jaewoo Lee , Hyunsuk Ko

The Adam optimizer is widely used for transformer optimization in practice, which makes understanding the underlying optimization mechanisms an important problem. However, due to the Adam's complexity, theoretical analysis of how it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Bingrui Li , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Zhanpeng Zhou , Taiji Suzuki , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

The fine-tuning of pre-trained models has become ubiquitous in generative AI, computer vision, and robotics. Although much attention has been paid to improving the efficiency of fine-tuning model, there has been less scholarship around…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Anirudh S Chakravarthy , Shuai Kyle Zheng , Xin Huang , Sachithra Hemachandra , Xiao Zhang , Yuning Chai , Zhao Chen

Adaptive gradient-based optimization methods such as \textsc{Adagrad}, \textsc{Rmsprop}, and \textsc{Adam} are widely used in solving large-scale machine learning problems including deep learning. A number of schemes have been proposed in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Parvin Nazari , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , George Michailidis

We propose a new, more general approach to the design of stochastic gradient-based optimization methods for machine learning. In this new framework, optimizers assume access to a batch of gradient estimates per iteration, rather than a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Julius Kunze , James Townsend , David Barber

Recent work by Xia et al. leveraged the continuous-limit of the classical momentum accelerated gradient descent and proposed heavy-ball neural ODEs. While this model offers computational efficiency and high utility over vanilla neural ODEs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Suneghyeon Cho , Sanghyun Hong , Kookjin Lee , Noseong Park

Hyperparameter tuning is one of the most time-consuming workloads in deep learning. State-of-the-art optimizers, such as AdaGrad, RMSProp and Adam, reduce this labor by adaptively tuning an individual learning rate for each variable.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-16 Jian Zhang , Ioannis Mitliagkas

Stochastic optimization algorithms using exponential moving averages of the past gradients, such as ADAM, RMSProp and AdaGrad, have been having great successes in many applications, especially in training deep neural networks. ADAM in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ruiqi Wang , Diego Klabjan

Scalable training of large models (like BERT and GPT-3) requires careful optimization rooted in model design, architecture, and system capabilities. From a system standpoint, communication has become a major bottleneck, especially on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Hanlin Tang , Shaoduo Gan , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Samyam Rajbhandari , Conglong Li , Xiangru Lian , Ji Liu , Ce Zhang , Yuxiong He