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Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly employ alignment techniques to prevent harmful outputs. Despite these safeguards, attackers can circumvent them by crafting prompts that induce LLMs to generate harmful content. Current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiawei Lian , Jianhong Pan , Lefan Wang , Yi Wang , Shaohui Mei , Lap-Pui Chau

As large language models (LLMs) diversify across modalities, capabilities, and cost profiles, the problem of intelligent request routing -- selecting the right model for each query at inference time -- has become a critical systems…

Modern Large audio-language models (LALMs) power intelligent voice interactions by tightly integrating audio and text. This integration, however, expands the attack surface beyond text and introduces vulnerabilities in the continuous,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Meng Chen , Kun Wang , Li Lu , Jiaheng Zhang , Tianwei Zhang

Universal goal hijacking is a kind of prompt injection attack that forces LLMs to return a target malicious response for arbitrary normal user prompts. The previous methods achieve high attack performance while being too cumbersome and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yihao Huang , Chong Wang , Xiaojun Jia , Qing Guo , Felix Juefei-Xu , Jian Zhang , Geguang Pu , Yang Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly emerging in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, especially in the fields of natural language processing and generative AI. Not limited to text generation applications, these models inherently…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Dimitrios Michael Manias , Ali Chouman , Abdallah Shami

Deep learning-based semantic communication (SemCom) has emerged as a promising paradigm for next-generation wireless networks, offering superior transmission efficiency by extracting and conveying task-relevant semantic latent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Zhiyuan Xi , Kun Zhu

Safety alignment is critical for the responsible deployment of large language models (LLMs). As Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures are increasingly adopted to scale model capacity, understanding their safety robustness becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Zhiyuan Xu , Joseph Gardiner , Sana Belguith , Lichao Wu

Current LLM safety research predominantly focuses on mitigating Goal Hijacking, preventing attackers from redirecting a model's high-level objective (e.g., from "summarizing emails" to "phishing users"). In this paper, we argue that this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuansen Liu , Yixuan Tang , Anthony Kum Hoe Tun

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly being deployed as automated content moderators. Within this landscape, we uncover a critical threat: Adversarial Smuggling Attacks. Unlike adversarial perturbations (for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zhiheng Li , Zongyang Ma , Yuntong Pan , Ziqi Zhang , Xiaolei Lv , Bo Li , Jun Gao , Jianing Zhang , Chunfeng Yuan , Bing Li , Weiming Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial accuracy gains when augmented with reasoning modes such as chain-of-thought and inference-time scaling. However, reasoning also incurs significant costs in inference latency and token…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chen Wang , Xunzhuo Liu , Yuhan Liu , Yue Zhu , Xiangxi Mo , Junchen Jiang , Huamin Chen

Goal hijacking is a type of adversarial attack on Large Language Models (LLMs) where the objective is to manipulate the model into producing a specific, predetermined output, regardless of the user's original input. In goal hijacking, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zheng Chen , Buhui Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly employ alignment techniques to prevent harmful outputs. Despite these safeguards, attackers can circumvent them by crafting adversarial prompts. Predominant token-level optimization methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiawei Lian , Jianhong Pan , Lefan Wang , Yi Wang , Tairan Huang , Shaohui Mei , Lap-Pui Chau

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged with astonishing capabilities approaching artificial general intelligence. While providing convenience for various societal needs, LLMs have also lowered the cost of generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Zhenhua Wang , Wei Xie , Kai Chen , Baosheng Wang , Zhiwen Gui , Enze Wang

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) are shown to be vulnerable to minor word changes, which poses a big threat to real-world systems. While previous studies directly focus on manipulating word inputs, they are limited by their means of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Khai Jiet Liong , Hongqiu Wu , Hai Zhao

The safety and robustness of large language models (LLMs) based applications remain critical challenges in artificial intelligence. Among the key threats to these applications are prompt hacking attacks, which can significantly undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Baha Rababah , Shang , Wu , Matthew Kwiatkowski , Carson Leung , Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

Modern LLMs employ safety mechanisms that extend beyond surface-level input filtering to latent semantic representations and generation-time reasoning, enabling them to recover obfuscated malicious intent during inference and refuse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiaobing Sun , Perry Lam , Shaohua Li , Zizhou Wang , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Yong Liu , Liangli Zhen

The secure operation of the routing protocol is one of the major challenges to be met for the proliferation of the Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) paradigm. Nevertheless, security enhancements have been proposed mostly for reactive MANET…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Panagiotis Papadimitratos , Zygmunt J. Haas

Recently, applications powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in tackling complex tasks. By harnessing the advanced reasoning capabilities and extensive knowledge embedded in LLMs, these applications can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yuyang Zhang , Kangjie Chen , Jiaxin Gao , Ronghao Cui , Run Wang , Lina Wang , Tianwei Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across various tasks, but their security vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers to generate harmful content, causing adverse impacts across various societal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Fan Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are deployed in interactive contexts with direct user engagement, such as chatbots and writing assistants. These deployments are vulnerable to prompt injection and jailbreaking (collectively, prompt hacking), in…

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