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LLMs demonstrate strong performance on code benchmarks, yet consistent reasoning across forward and backward execution remains elusive. We present RoundTripCodeEval (RTCE), a benchmark of four code execution reasoning tasks that evaluates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Nickil Maveli , Antonio Vergari , Shay B. Cohen

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) are enhanced with audio perception capabilities, enabling them to effectively process and understand multimodal inputs that combine audio and text. However, their performance in handling conflicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Cheng Wang , Gelei Deng , Xianglin Yang , Han Qiu , Tianwei Zhang

A proper code evaluation metric (CEM) profoundly impacts the evolution of code generation, which is an important research field in NLP and software engineering. Prevailing match-based CEMs (e.g., BLEU, Accuracy, and CodeBLEU) suffer from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Yihong Dong , Jiazheng Ding , Xue Jiang , Ge Li , Zhuo Li , Zhi Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to real-world code generation, where functional correctness alone is insufficient for reliable deployment, developers also expect adherence to explicit requirements for robustness,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Sravani Gunnu , Shanmukha Guttula , Hima Patel

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into wireless networks presents significant potential for automating system design. However, unlike conventional throughput maximization, Covert Communication (CC) requires optimizing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zhaozhi Liu , Jiaxin Chen , Yuanai Xie , Yuna Jiang , Minrui Xu , Xiao Zhang , Pan Lai , Zan Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators of reasoning quality, yet their reliability and bias in payments-risk settings remain poorly understood. We introduce a structured multi-evaluator framework for assessing LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Liang Wang , Junpeng Wang , Chin-chia Michael Yeh , Yan Zheng , Jiarui Sun , Xiran Fan , Xin Dai , Yujie Fan , Yiwei Cai

Multimodal AI systems are evaluated by downstream task accuracy, but high accuracy does not mean the underlying data is coherent. A model can score well on Visual Question Answering (VQA) while its inputs contradict each other. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vasundra Srinivasan

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

Maintaining code quality in large-scale software systems presents significant challenges, particularly in settings where a large numbers of engineers work concurrently on a codebase. This paper introduces Code Quality Score (CQS) system to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Sherman Wong , Jalaj Bhandari , Leo Zhou Fan Yang , Xylan Xu , Yi Zhuang , Cem Cayiroglu , Payal Bhuptani , Sheela Yadawad , Hung Duong

Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single metric per dataset, often representing the model's best-case performance under carefully selected settings. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks model robustness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Grigor Nalbandyan , Rima Shahbazyan , Evelina Bakhturina

Instruction-based image editing models offer increased personalization opportunities in generative tasks. However, properly evaluating their results is challenging, and most of the existing metrics lag in terms of alignment with human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Lorenzo Baraldi , Davide Bucciarelli , Federico Betti , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Nicu Sebe , Rita Cucchiara

The Test and Measurement domain, known for its strict requirements for accuracy and efficiency, is increasingly adopting Generative AI technologies to enhance the performance of data analysis, automation, and decision-making processes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Emmanuel A. Olowe , Danial Chitnis

Programming is a core skill in computer science and software engineering (SE), yet identifying and resolving code errors remains challenging for both novice and experienced developers. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Md Faizul Ibne Amin , Yutaka Watanobe , Md. Mostafizer Rahman , Daniel M. Muepu , Md. Shahajada Mia

Understanding and reasoning about code semantics is essential for enhancing code LLMs' abilities to solve real-world software engineering (SE) tasks. Although several code reasoning benchmarks exist, most rely on synthetic datasets or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Monoshi Kumar Roy , Simin Chen , Benjamin Steenhoek , Jinjun Peng , Gail Kaiser , Baishakhi Ray , Wei Le

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit strong linguistic abilities while remaining unreliable on multi-step reasoning tasks, particularly when deployed without additional training or fine-tuning. In this work, we study inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Vinay Sharma , Manish Jain

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to support software developers in tasks such as code generation, optimization, and documentation. However, their ability to improve existing programming answers in a human-like manner remains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Suborno Deb Bappon , Saikat Mondal , Chanchal K. Roy , Kevin Schneider

Despite the rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, robust and explainable evaluation of their ability to assess clinical trial reporting according to CONSORT standards remains an open challenge. In particular,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sohyeon Jeon , Hyung-Chul Lee

Corrective maintenance is crucial to ensure the quality of software, thereby improving reliability and user experience. In a version control system (VCS), developers write commit messages to document their changes and support later…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Syful Islam , Stefano Zacchiroli

Identifying and resolving logic errors can be one of the most frustrating challenges for novices programmers. Unlike syntax errors, for which a compiler or interpreter can issue a message, logic errors can be subtle. In certain conditions,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Stephen MacNeil , Paul Denny , Andrew Tran , Juho Leinonen , Seth Bernstein , Arto Hellas , Sami Sarsa , Joanne Kim

In the deployment of large language models (LLMs), accurate confidence estimation is critical for assessing the credibility of model predictions. However, existing methods often fail to overcome the issue of overconfidence on incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Pei Wang , Yejie Wang , Muxi Diao , Keqing He , Guanting Dong , Weiran Xu
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