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Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of being in-context learners. However, the underlying mechanism of in-context learning (ICL) is still a major research question, and experimental research results about how models exploit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Aliakbar Nafar , Kristen Brent Venable , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in multilingual contexts, yet their capacity for consistent, logically grounded alignment across languages remains underexplored. We present a controlled evaluation framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Samir Abdaljalil , Erchin Serpedin , Khalid Qaraqe , Hasan Kurban

Proprietary large language models (LLMs) embody substantial economic value and are generally exposed only as black-box APIs, yet adversaries can still exploit their outputs to extract knowledge via distillation. Existing defenses focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Hao Fang , Tianyi Zhang , Tianqu Zhuang , Jiawei Kong , Kuofeng Gao , Bin Chen , Leqi Zheng , Shu-Tao Xia , Ke Xu

Current adversarial robustness methods for large language models require extensive datasets of harmful prompts (thousands to hundreds of thousands of examples), yet remain vulnerable to novel attack vectors and distributional shifts. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Linh Le , David Williams-King , Mohamed Amine Merzouk , Aton Kamanda , Adam Oberman

Writing effective prompts for large language models (LLM) can be unintuitive and burdensome. In response, services that optimize or suggest prompts have emerged. While such services can reduce user effort, they also introduce a risk: the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Weiran Lin , Anna Gerchanovsky , Omer Akgul , Lujo Bauer , Matt Fredrikson , Zifan Wang

The security of Large Language Model (LLM) applications is fundamentally challenged by "form-first" attacks like prompt injection and jailbreaking, where malicious instructions are embedded within user inputs. Conventional defenses, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dominik Schwarz

Large language models (LLMs) can perform reasoning computations both internally within their latent space and externally by generating explicit token sequences like chains of thought. Significant progress in enhancing reasoning abilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi

With the wide adoption of language models for IR -- and specifically RAG systems -- the latency of the underlying LLM becomes a crucial bottleneck, since the long contexts of retrieved passages lead large prompts and therefore, compute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cornelius Kummer , Lena Jurkschat , Michael Färber , Sahar Vahdati

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance as knowledge repositories, enabling models to understand user queries and generate accurate and context-aware responses. Extensive evaluation setups have corroborated the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Prasoon Bajpai , Sarah Masud , Tanmoy Chakraborty

The drastic increase of large language models' (LLMs) parameters has led to a new research direction of fine-tuning-free downstream customization by prompts, i.e., task descriptions. While these prompt-based services (e.g. OpenAI's GPTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Haoyang Li

Loop invariants are essential for proving the correctness of programs with loops. Developing loop invariants is challenging, and fully automatic synthesis cannot be guaranteed for arbitrary programs. Some approaches have been proposed to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Varun Bharti , Shashwat Jha , Dhruv Kumar , Pankaj Jalote

Although large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant success, their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations, including recent jailbreak attacks, has raised considerable concerns. However, the increasing size of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Jiabao Ji , Bairu Hou , Zhen Zhang , Guanhua Zhang , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li , Yang Zhang , Gaowen Liu , Sijia Liu , Shiyu Chang

Preference-based post-training aligns LLMs with human intent, yet safety behavior often remains brittle. A model may refuse a harmful request in a standard prompt but comply when the same intent is wrapped in adversarial wording. We suggest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yixu Wang , Yang Yao , Xin Wang , Yifeng Gao , Yan Teng , Xingjun Ma , Yingchun Wang

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly impacted various domains, including Web search, healthcare, and software development. However, as these models scale, they become more vulnerable to cybersecurity risks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Qin Liu , Wenjie Mo , Terry Tong , Jiashu Xu , Fei Wang , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are employed across various high-stakes domains, where the reliability of their outputs is crucial. One commonly used method to assess the reliability of LLMs' responses is uncertainty estimation, which gauges…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into sensitive workflows, raising the stakes for adversarial robustness and safety. This paper introduces Transient Turn Injection(TTI), a new multi-turn attack technique that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Naheed Rayhan , Sohely Jahan

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is a cornerstone of Natural Language Processing (NLP), providing insights into the entailment relationships between text pairings. It is a critical component of Natural Language Understanding (NLU),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Fatema Tuj Johora Faria , Mukaffi Bin Moin , Asif Iftekher Fahim , Pronay Debnath , Faisal Muhammad Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Prompt serves as a crucial link in interacting with large language models (LLMs), widely impacting the accuracy and interpretability of model outputs. However, acquiring accurate and high-quality responses necessitates precise prompts,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Xiongtao Sun , Gan Liu , Zhipeng He , Hui Li , Xiaoguang Li

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved record adoption in a short period of time across many different sectors including high importance areas such as education [4] and healthcare [23]. LLMs are open-ended models trained on diverse data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Herve Debar , Sven Dietrich , Pavel Laskov , Emil C. Lupu , Eirini Ntoutsi