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Jailbreaking large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a critical security challenge with the widespread deployment of conversational AI systems. Adversarial users exploit these models through carefully crafted prompts to elicit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Sri Durga Sai Sowmya Kadali , Evangelos E. Papalexakis

We consider the problem of language model inversion: given outputs of a language model, we seek to extract the prompt that generated these outputs. We develop a new black-box method, output2prompt, that learns to extract prompts without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Collin Zhang , John X. Morris , Vitaly Shmatikov

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world systems. Given their broader applicability, prompt engineering has become an efficient tool for resource-scarce organizations to adopt LLMs for their own purposes. At the same…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Piyush Jaiswal , Aaditya Pratap , Shreyansh Saraswati , Harsh Kasyap , Somanath Tripathy

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that elicit harmful or policy-violating outputs, while many existing defenses rely on expensive fine-tuning, intrusive prompt rewriting, or external guardrails that add…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Weiming Song , Xuan Xie , Ruiping Yin

A loop invariant is a property of a loop that remains true before and after each execution of the loop. The identification of loop invariants is a critical step to support automated program safety assessment. Recent advancements in Large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mostafijur Rahman Akhond , Saikat Chakraborty , Gias Uddin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great performance in few-shot In-Context Learning (ICL) for a variety of generative and discriminative chemical design tasks. The newly expanded context windows of LLMs can further improve ICL…

Model inversion (MI) attacks allow to reconstruct average per-class representations of a machine learning (ML) model's training data. It has been shown that in scenarios where each class corresponds to a different individual, such as face…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Karla Pizzi , Franziska Boenisch , Ugur Sahin , Konstantin Böttinger

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by advancing natural language understanding and generation, enabling applications across fields beyond healthcare, software engineering, and conversational systems.…

Personalized Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly prevalent, showcasing the impressive capabilities of models like GPT-4. This trend has also catalyzed extensive research on deploying LLMs on mobile devices. Feasible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Yunmeng Shu , Shaofeng Li , Tian Dong , Yan Meng , Haojin Zhu

In this study, we propose a homotopy-inspired prompt obfuscation framework to enhance understanding of security and safety vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). By systematically applying carefully engineered prompts, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Luis Lazo , Hamed Jelodar , Roozbeh Razavi-Far

Large pretrained language models are critical components of modern NLP pipelines. Yet, they suffer from spurious correlations, poor out-of-domain generalization, and biases. Inspired by recent progress in causal machine learning, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Maxime Peyrard , Sarvjeet Singh Ghotra , Martin Josifoski , Vidhan Agarwal , Barun Patra , Dean Carignan , Emre Kiciman , Robert West

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks, yet they remain vulnerable to adversarial manipulations such as jailbreaking via prompt injection attacks. These attacks bypass safety mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xin Wei Chia , Swee Liang Wong , Jonathan Pan

Insensitivity to semantically-preserving variations of prompts (paraphrases) is crucial for reliable behavior and real-world deployment of large language models. However, language models exhibit significant performance degradation when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tingchen Fu , Fazl Barez

The popularity of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, and LLM-based assistants have become ubiquitous. Information security awareness (ISA) is an important yet underexplored area of LLM safety. ISA encompasses LLMs' security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Ofir Cohen , Gil Ari Agmon , Asaf Shabtai , Rami Puzis

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for recommendation in a generative manner has delivered promising results, but encounters significant inference overhead due to autoregressive decoding in the language space. This work explores…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Chengbing Wang , Yang Zhang , Zhicheng Wang , Tianhao Shi , Keqin Bao , Fuli Feng , Tat-Seng Chua

Large language models (LLMs) have succeeded significantly in various applications but remain susceptible to adversarial jailbreaks that void their safety guardrails. Previous attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities often rely on high-cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xuan Li , Zhanke Zhou , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across numerous applications, their robustness remains a critical concern. This paper is motivated by a specific vulnerability: the order sensitivity of LLMs. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Beni Egressy , Jan Stühmer

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit robust capabilities in text generation and comprehension, mimicking human behavior and exhibiting synthetic personalities. However, some LLMs have displayed offensive personality, propagating toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yanquan Chen , Zhen Wu , Junjie Guo , Shujian Huang , Xinyu Dai

Evaluating natural language generation systems is challenging due to the diversity of valid outputs. While human evaluation is the gold standard, it suffers from inconsistencies, lack of standardisation, and demographic biases, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Hanhua Hong , Chenghao Xiao , Yang Wang , Yiqi Liu , Wenge Rong , Chenghua Lin

Large language models (LLMs) are excellent few-shot learners. They can perform a wide variety of tasks purely based on natural language prompts provided to them. These prompts contain data of a specific downstream task -- often the private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Haonan Duan , Adam Dziedzic , Mohammad Yaghini , Nicolas Papernot , Franziska Boenisch