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Text-to-image diffusion models have revolutionized visual content generation, yet their deployment is hindered by a fundamental limitation: safety mechanisms enforce rigid, uniform standards that fail to reflect diverse user preferences…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yu Lei , Jinbin Bai , Qingyu Shi , Aosong Feng , Hongcheng Gao , Xiao Zhang , Rex Ying

Fine-tuning well-aligned large language models (LLMs) on new domains often degrades their safety alignment, even when using benign datasets. Existing safety alignment techniques primarily focus on pretraining, leaving fine-tuned models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Thong Bach , Truyen Tran

Text-to-image models have shown remarkable capabilities in generating high-quality images from natural language descriptions. However, these models are highly vulnerable to adversarial prompts, which can bypass safety measures and produce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Peigui Qi , Kunsheng Tang , Wenbo Zhou , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Tianwei Zhang , Qing Guo , Jie Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) become ubiquitous, parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods and safety-first defenses have proliferated rapidly. However, the number of approaches and their recent increase have resulted in diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Saad Hossain , Samanvay Vajpayee , Sirisha Rambhatla

Safety alignment in large language models is remarkably shallow: it is concentrated in the first few output tokens and reversible by fine-tuning on as few as 100 adversarial examples. This fragility becomes critical in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

The remarkable ability of diffusion models to generate high-fidelity images has led to their widespread adoption. However, concerns have also arisen regarding their potential to produce Not Safe for Work (NSFW) content and exhibit social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zhiwen Li , Die Chen , Mingyuan Fan , Cen Chen , Yaliang Li , Yanhao Wang , Wenmeng Zhou

Text-to-image diffusion models, e.g. Stable Diffusion (SD), lately have shown remarkable ability in high-quality content generation, and become one of the representatives for the recent wave of transformative AI. Nevertheless, such advance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Zhi-Yi Chin , Chieh-Ming Jiang , Ching-Chun Huang , Pin-Yu Chen , Wei-Chen Chiu

Achieving compositional alignment between textual descriptions and generated images - covering objects, attributes, and spatial relationships - remains a core challenge for modern text-to-image (T2I) models. Although diffusion-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hossein Shahabadi , Niki Sepasian , Arash Marioriyad , Ali Sharifi-Zarchi , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on additional datasets is often necessary to optimize them for specific downstream tasks. However, existing safety alignment measures, which restrict harmful behavior during inference, are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Minjun Zhu , Linyi Yang , Yifan Wei , Ningyu Zhang , Yue Zhang

With the rapid advancement of text-to-image (T2I) models, ensuring their safety has become increasingly critical. Existing safety approaches can be categorized into training-time and inference-time methods. While inference-time methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Ruiyang Zhang , Jiahao Luo , Xiaoru Feng , Qiufan Pang , Yaodong Yang , Juntao Dai

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of general inquiries and tasks. Despite this, fine-tuning aligned LLMs on smaller, domain-specific datasets, critical to adapting them to specialized…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Guanlin Li , Kangjie Chen , Shangwei Guo , Jie Zhang , Han Qiu , Chao Zhang , Guoyin Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Jiwei Li

Text-to-image models, such as Stable Diffusion (SD), undergo iterative updates to improve image quality and address concerns such as safety. Improvements in image quality are straightforward to assess. However, how model updates resolve…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Yixin Wu , Yun Shen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Diffusion models and flow matching have demonstrated remarkable success in text-to-image generation. While many existing alignment methods primarily focus on fine-tuning pre-trained generative models to maximize a given reward function,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Yidong Ouyang , Liyan Xie , Hongyuan Zha , Guang Cheng

Text-to-image (T2I) diffusion models generate high-quality images but often fail to capture the spatial relations specified in text prompts. This limitation can be traced to two factors: lack of fine-grained spatial supervision in training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sarah Rastegar , Violeta Chatalbasheva , Sieger Falkena , Anuj Singh , Yanbo Wang , Tejas Gokhale , Hamid Palangi , Hadi Jamali-Rad

In this study, we identify the need for an interpretable, quantitative score of the repeatability, or consistency, of image generation in diffusion models. We propose a semantic approach, using a pairwise mean CLIP (Contrastive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Brinnae Bent

Text-to-image (T2I) models such as Stable Diffusion have advanced rapidly and are now widely used in content creation. However, these models can be misused to generate harmful content, including nudity or violence, posing significant safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zilong Wang , Xiang Zheng , Xiaosen Wang , Bo Wang , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang

Fine-tuning Diffusion Models remains an underexplored frontier in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), especially when compared with the remarkable progress made in fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). While cutting-edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Huizhuo Yuan , Zixiang Chen , Kaixuan Ji , Quanquan Gu

Despite the impressive synthesis quality of text-to-image (T2I) diffusion models, their black-box deployment poses significant regulatory challenges: Malicious actors can fine-tune these models to generate illegal content, circumventing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Zhuomeng Zhang , Fangqi Li , Chong Di , Hongyu Zhu , Hanyi Wang , Shilin Wang

Diffusion models have revolutionized text-to-image (T2I) synthesis, producing high-quality, photorealistic images. However, they still struggle to properly render the spatial relationships described in text prompts. To address the lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andrea Rigo , Luca Stornaiuolo , Mauro Martino , Bruno Lepri , Nicu Sebe

As advancements in large language models (LLMs) continue and the demand for personalized models increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods (e.g., LoRA) will become essential due to their efficiency in reducing computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Mingjie Li , Wai Man Si , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Yisen Wang