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The accelerating development and deployment of AI technologies depend on the continued ability to scale their infrastructure. This has implied increasing amounts of monetary investment and natural resources. Frontier AI applications have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Eshta Bhardwaj , Rohan Alexander , Christoph Becker

Efficient and faithful parallel simulation of large asynchronous systems is a challenging computational problem. It requires using the concept of local simulated times and a synchronization scheme. We study the scalability of massively…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Korniss , M. A. Novotny , P. A. Rikvold , H. Guclu , Z. Toroczkai

We are currently in an era of escalating technological complexity and profound societal transformations, where artificial intelligence (AI) technologies exemplified by large language models (LLMs) have reignited discussions on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-02-28 Guangyin Jin , Xiaohan Ni , Kun Wei , Jie Zhao , Haoming Zhang , Leiming Jia

Algorithms now permeate multiple aspects of human lives and multiple recent results have reported that these algorithms may have biases pertaining to gender, race, and other demographic characteristics. The metrics used to quantify such…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Vivek K. Singh , Ishaan Singh

Organizations increasingly deploy separate purpose-built AI tools across professional domains, often hiring domain specialists for each, recreating the staffing models AI was expected to transform. Yet the meta-skills that make these tools…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Elias Calboreanu

Artificial intelligence (AI) raises expectations of substantial increases in rates of technological and scientific progress, but such anticipations are often not connected to detailed ground-level studies of AI use in innovation processes.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-21 John P. Nelson , Olajide Olugbade , Philip Shapira , Justin B. Biddle

We evaluate the autonomous cyber-attack capabilities of frontier AI models on two purpose-built cyber ranges-a 32-step corporate network attack and a 7-step industrial control system attack-that require chaining heterogeneous capabilities…

Traditional time series forecasting methods optimize for accuracy alone. This objective neglects temporal consistency, in other words, how consistently a model predicts the same future event as the forecast origin changes. We introduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Chutian Ma , Grigorii Pomazkin , Giacinto Paolo Saggese , Paul Smith

Long-running autonomous AI agents suffer from a well-documented memory coherence problem: tool-execution success rates degrade 14 percentage points over 72-hour operation windows due to four compounding failure modes in existing flat-file…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bronislav Sidik , Lior Rokach

Inspired by the demands of real-time climate and weather forecasting, we develop optimistic online learning algorithms that require no parameter tuning and have optimal regret guarantees under delayed feedback. Our algorithms -- DORM,…

Algorithms have been estimated to increase AI training FLOP efficiency by a factor of 22,000 between 2012 and 2023 [Ho et al., 2024]. Running small-scale ablation experiments on key innovations from this time period, we are able to account…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Hans Gundlach , Alex Fogelson , Jayson Lynch , Ana Trisovic , Jonathan Rosenfeld , Anmol Sandhu , Neil Thompson

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in scientific discovery, yet whether it can anticipate scientific progress remains unclear. To study this question, we introduce a temporally grounded evaluation framework for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Sean Wu , Pan Lu , Yupeng Chen , Jonathan Bragg , Yutaro Yamada , Peter Clark , David Clifton , Philip Torr , James Zou , Junchi Yu

Recent trends in test-time scaling for reasoning models (e.g., OpenAI o1, DeepSeek-R1) have led to remarkable improvements through long Chain-of-Thought (CoT). However, existing benchmarks mainly focus on immediate, single-horizon tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yi Lu , Jianing Wang , Linsen Guo , Wei He , Hongyin Tang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang , Xuezhi Cao , Wei Wang , Xunliang Cai

We consider online learning when the time horizon is unknown. We apply a minimax analysis, beginning with the fixed horizon case, and then moving on to two unknown-horizon settings, one that assumes the horizon is chosen randomly according…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-10-08 Haipeng Luo , Robert E. Schapire

Quantifying the workplace productivity effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence is now central to economics, management, and public policy. The deployment of AI tools in customer service, writing, software development, and consulting…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Silvia Bartolucci , Pierpaolo Vivo

Artificial intelligence is increasingly embedded in human decision making. In some cases, it enhances human reasoning. In others, it fosters excessive cognitive dependence. This paper introduces a conceptual and mathematical framework to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Eduardo Di Santi

We examine the computational energy requirements of different systems driven by the geometrical scaling law, and increasing use of Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning (AI-ML) over the last decade. With more scientific and technology…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Sadasivan Shankar , Albert Reuther

The automation of AI R&D (AIRDA) could have significant implications, but its extent and ultimate effects remain uncertain. We need empirical data to resolve these uncertainties, but existing data (primarily capability benchmarks) may not…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Alan Chan , Ranay Padarath , Joe Kwon , Hilary Greaves , Markus Anderljung

The artificial intelligence industry is not an isolated economic phenomenon; it is the current physical substrate for a broader, multi-billion-year process: the evolution of an abstract intelligence on Earth. As the scale of computation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-29 William Yicheng Zhu , Lei Zhu

To advance time series forecasting (TSF), various methods have been proposed to improve prediction accuracy, evolving from statistical techniques to data-driven deep learning architectures. Despite their effectiveness, most existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yitong Zhou , Yucong Luo , Mingyue Cheng , Qi Liu , Jiahao Wang , Daoyu Wang , Enhong Chen