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Sharding is the prevalent approach to breaking the trilemma of simultaneously achieving decentralization, security, and scalability in traditional blockchain systems, which are implemented as replicated state machines relying on atomic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Yizhong Liu , Jianwei Liu , Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles , Zongyang Zhang , Tong Li , Bin Hu , Fritz Henglein , Rongxing Lu

Sharding scales throughput by splitting blockchain nodes into parallel groups. However, different shards' independent and random scheduling for cross-shard transactions results in numerous conflicts and aborts, since cross-shard…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Jianting Zhang , Wuhui Chen , Jinwen Liang , Jie Zhang , Albert Zomaya

We present SmartShards: a new sharding algorithm for improving Byzantine tolerance and churn resistance in blockchains. Our algorithm places a peer in multiple shards to create an overlap. This simplifies cross-shard communication and shard…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Joseph Oglio , Mikhail Nesterenko , Gokarna Sharma

Blockchain Sharding is a blockchain performance enhancement approach. By splitting a blockchain into several parallel-run committees (shards), it helps increase transaction throughput, reduce computational resources required, and increase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yibin Xu , Jianhua Shao , Yangyu Huang , Tijs Slaats , Boris Düdder

Sharding is proposed to enhance blockchain scalability. However, a size-security dilemma where every shard must be large enough to ensure its security constrains the efficacy of individual shards and the degree of sharding itself. Most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Jianting Zhang , Zhongtang Luo , Raghavendra Ramesh , Aniket Kate

Blockchain technology has been gaining great interest from a variety of sectors, including healthcare, supply chain and cryptocurrencies. However, Blockchain suffers from its limited ability to scale (i.e. low throughput and high latency).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Abdelatif Hafid , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Adil Senhaji

Today's blockchain designs suffer from a trilemma claiming that no blockchain system can simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and performance scalability. For current blockchain systems, as more nodes join the network, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Songze Li , Mingchao Yu , Chien-Sheng Yang , A. Salman Avestimehr , Sreeram Kannan , Pramod Viswanath

Sharding distributed ledgers is a promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchains but lacks formal grounds, nurturing skepticism on whether such complex systems can scale blockchains securely. We fill this gap by introducing the first…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georgia Avarikioti , Antoine Desjardins , Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias , Roger Wattenhofer

Sharding is a way to address scalability problem in blockchain technologies. Ethereum, a prominent blockchain technology, has included sharding in its roadmap to increase its throughput. The plan is also to include multiple execution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Raghavendra Ramesh

Decentralized control, low-complexity, flexible and efficient communications are the requirements of an architecture that aims to scale blockchains beyond the current state. Such properties are attainable by reducing ledger size and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vishal Sharma , Zengpeng Li , Pawel Szalachowski , Teik Guan Tan , Jianying Zhou

Blockchain sharding improves the scalability of blockchain systems by partitioning the whole blockchain state, nodes, and transaction workloads into different shards. However, existing blockchain sharding systems generally suffer from a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 You Lin , Mingzhe Li , Jin Zhang

Blockchain like Bitcoin and Ethereum suffer from scalability issues. Sharding is one of the most promising and leading solutions to scale blockchain. The basic idea behind sharding is to divide the blockchain network into multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Hafid Abdelatif , Senhaji Hafid Abdelhakim , Samih Mustapha

Blockchain databases have attracted widespread attention but suffer from poor scalability due to underlying non-scalable blockchains. While blockchain sharding is necessary for a scalable blockchain database, it poses a new challenge named…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Wuhui Chen , Huawei Huang , Albert Zomaya

Due to its security, transparency, and flexibility in verifying virtual assets, blockchain has been identified as one of the key technologies for Metaverse. Unfortunately, blockchain-based Metaverse faces serious challenges such as massive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Cong T. Nguyen , Dinh Thai Hoang , Diep N. Nguyen , Yong Xiao , Dusit Niyato , Eryk Dutkiewicz

In blockchain sharding, $n$ processing nodes are divided into $s$ shards, and each shard processes transactions in parallel. A key challenge in such a system is to ensure system stability for any ``tractable'' pattern of generated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Sharding has emerged as a critical technique for enhancing blockchain system scalability. However, existing sharding approaches face unique challenges when applied to Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based protocols that integrate expressive…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Junchao Chen , Alberto Sonnino , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Mohammad Sadoghi

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

In the past decade, blockchain has emerged as a promising solution for building secure distributed ledgers and has attracted significant attention. However, current blockchain systems suffer from limited throughput, poor scalability, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Tayyaba Noreen , Qiufen Xia , Muhammad Zeeshan Haider

For permissionless blockchains, scalability is paramount. While current technologies still fail to address this problem fully, many research works propose sharding or other techniques that extensively adopt parallel processing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Andrea Mariani , Gianluca Mariani , Diego Pennino , Maurizio Pizzonia

Sharding is a promising blockchain scaling solution. But it currently suffers from high latency and low throughput when it comes to cross-shard transactions, i.e., transactions that require coordination from multiple shards. The root cause…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Sourav Das , Vinith Krishnan , Ling Ren