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Entity-level unlearning is usually evaluated by what a model says: whether it stops naming the target, refuses a query, or shifts a Truth Ratio distribution. These output-level tests, however, do not show whether a subject's internal…

In this paper we propose a strategy for semi-supervised image classification that leverages unsupervised representation learning and co-training. The strategy, that is called CURL from Co-trained Unsupervised Representation Learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-14 Simone Bianco , Gianluigi Ciocca , Claudio Cusano

In machine unlearning, $(\varepsilon,\delta)-$unlearning is a popular framework that provides formal guarantees on the effectiveness of the removal of a subset of training data, the forget set, from a trained model. For strongly convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Martin Van Waerebeke , Marco Lorenzi , Kevin Scaman , El Mahdi El Mhamdi , Giovanni Neglia

Recent advances in one-step generative frameworks, such as flow map models, have significantly improved the efficiency of image generation by learning direct noise-to-data mappings in a single forward pass. However, machine unlearning for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Hyundo Choi , Junhyeong An , Jinseong Park , Jaewoong Choi

Machine unlearning allows data owners to erase the impact of their specified data from trained models. Unfortunately, recent studies have shown that adversaries can recover the erased data, posing serious threats to user privacy. An…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Weiqi Wang , Chenhan Zhang , Zhiyi Tian , Shushu Liu , Shui Yu

We develop a corrective mechanism for neural network approximation: the total available non-linear units are divided into multiple groups and the first group approximates the function under consideration, the second group approximates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Guy Bresler , Dheeraj Nagaraj

Due to increasing privacy regulations and regulatory compliance, Machine Unlearning (MU) has become essential. The goal of unlearning is to remove information related to a specific class from a model. Traditional approaches achieve exact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Atharv Mittal

The rapid progress of AI, combined with its unprecedented public adoption and the propensity of large neural networks to memorize training data, has given rise to significant data privacy concerns. To address these concerns, machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Ali Abbasi , Chayne Thrash , Elaheh Akbari , Daniel Zhang , Soheil Kolouri

Lifelong learning algorithms enable models to incrementally acquire new knowledge without forgetting previously learned information. Contrarily, the field of machine unlearning focuses on explicitly forgetting certain previous knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ozan Özdenizci , Elmar Rueckert , Robert Legenstein

Machine unlearning is the process of removing the impact of a particular set of training samples from a pretrained model. It aims to fulfill the "right to be forgotten", which grants the individuals such as patients the right to reconsider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Reza Nasirigerdeh , Nader Razmi , Julia A. Schnabel , Daniel Rueckert , Georgios Kaissis

Online continual learning aims to continuously train neural networks from a continuous data stream with a single pass-through data. As the most effective approach, the rehearsal-based methods replay part of previous data. Commonly used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Huiwei Lin , Shanshan Feng , Baoquan Zhang , Hongliang Qiao , Xutao Li , Yunming Ye

Federated learning (FL) increasingly needs machine unlearning to comply with privacy regulations. However, existing federated unlearning approaches may overlook the overlapping information between the unlearning and remaining data, leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiaheng Wei , Yanjun Zhang , He Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Chao Chen , Kok-Leong Ong , Jun Zhang , Yang Xiang

Machine Unlearning has emerged as a significant area of research, focusing on `removing' specific subsets of data from a trained model. Fine-tuning (FT) methods have become one of the fundamental approaches for approximating unlearning, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Meng Ding , Rohan Sharma , Changyou Chen , Jinhui Xu , Kaiyi Ji

Continual learning aims to improve the ability of modern learning systems to deal with non-stationary distributions, typically by attempting to learn a series of tasks sequentially. Prior art in the field has largely considered supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Dushyant Rao , Francesco Visin , Andrei A. Rusu , Yee Whye Teh , Razvan Pascanu , Raia Hadsell

Modern deep neural networks for classification usually jointly learn a backbone for representation and a linear classifier to output the logit of each class. A recent study has shown a phenomenon called neural collapse that the within-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Yibo Yang , Shixiang Chen , Xiangtai Li , Liang Xie , Zhouchen Lin , Dacheng Tao

Contrastive representation learning has emerged as a promising technique for continual learning as it can learn representations that are robust to catastrophic forgetting and generalize well to unseen future tasks. Previous work in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Rouzbeh Meshkinnejad , Jie Mei , Daniel Lizotte , Yalda Mohsenzadeh

In response to recent data regulation requirements, machine unlearning (MU) has emerged as a critical process to remove the influence of specific examples from a given model. Although exact unlearning can be achieved through complete model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Jinghan Jia , Jiancheng Liu , Parikshit Ram , Yuguang Yao , Gaowen Liu , Yang Liu , Pranay Sharma , Sijia Liu

Machine unlearning is a fundamental mechanism that enforces the right to be forgotten. Existing unlearning studies that rely on label manipulation or task-gradient reversal often deliver limited unlearning effectiveness. Moreover, they can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Weiqi Wang , Zhiyi Tian , Chenhan Zhang , Luoyu Chen , Shui Yu

Confounding bias is a crucial problem when applying machine learning to practice, especially in clinical practice. We consider the problem of learning representations independent to multiple biases. In literature, this is mostly solved by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Xianjing Liu , Bo Li , Esther Bron , Wiro Niessen , Eppo Wolvius , Gennady Roshchupkin

Modern computer systems store vast amounts of personal data, enabling advances in AI and ML but risking user privacy and trust. For privacy reasons, it is sometimes desired for an ML model to forget part of the data it was trained on. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Amartya Hatua , Trung T. Nguyen , Filip Cano , Andrew H. Sung