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Autonomous agent frameworks still struggle to reconcile long-term experiential learning with real-time, context-sensitive decision-making. In practice, this gap appears as static cognition, rigid workflow dependence, and inefficient context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xiaoxing Wang , Ning Liao , Shikun Wei , Chen Tang , Feiyu Xiong

Comprehensive evaluation of mobile agents can significantly advance their development and real-world applicability. However, existing benchmarks lack practicality and scalability due to the extensive manual effort in defining task reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Jiahui Sun , Zhichao Hua , Yubin Xia

Agent decision making using Reinforcement Learning (RL) heavily relies on either a model or simulator of the environment (e.g., moving in an 8x8 maze with three rooms, playing Chess on an 8x8 board). Due to this dependence, small changes in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Wenjun Li , Pradeep Varakantham , Dexun Li

Training capable Large Language Model (LLM) agents is critically bottlenecked by the high cost and static nature of real-world interaction data. We address this by introducing GenEnv, a framework that establishes a difficulty-aligned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jiacheng Guo , Ling Yang , Peter Chen , Qixin Xiao , Yinjie Wang , Xinzhe Juan , Jiahao Qiu , Ke Shen , Mengdi Wang

Constructing environments for training and evaluating claw-like agents remains a manual, human-intensive process that does not scale. We argue that what is needed is not just a dataset, but an automated pipeline capable of generating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Xirui Li , Ming Li , Ion Stoica , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Tianyi Zhou

Training generalist agents capable of adapting to diverse scenarios requires interactive environments for self-exploration. However, interactive environments remain critically scarce, and existing synthesis methods suffer from significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Dunwei Tu , Hongyan Hao , Hansi Yang , Yihao Chen , Yi-Kai Zhang , Zhikang Xia , Yu Yang , Yueqing Sun , Xingchen Liu , Furao Shen , Qi Gu , Hui Su , Xunliang Cai

Simulated environments play an essential role in embodied AI, functionally analogous to test cases in software engineering. However, existing environment generation methods often emphasize visual realism (e.g., object diversity and layout…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jianan Wang , Siyang Zhang , Bin Li , Juan Chen , Jingtao Qi , Zhuo Zhang , Chen Qian

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of text-generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with problems requiring multi-step decision-making and environmental feedback, such as online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhenfang Chen , Delin Chen , Rui Sun , Wenjun Liu , Chuang Gan

In the early stages of human life, babies develop their skills by exploring different scenarios motivated by their inherent satisfaction rather than by extrinsic rewards from the environment. This behavior, referred to as intrinsic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Alain Andres , Esther Villar-Rodriguez , Javier Del Ser

Modern world models require costly and time-consuming collection of large video datasets with action demonstrations by people or by environment-specific agents. To simplify training, we focus on using many virtual environments for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Nedko Savov , Naser Kazemi , Mohammad Mahdi , Danda Pani Paudel , Xi Wang , Luc Van Gool

Real-world digital environments are highly diverse and dynamic. These characteristics cause agents to frequently encounter unseen environments and distribution shifts, making continual learning in such environments essential for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianci Xue , Zeyi Liao , Tianneng Shi , Zilu Wang , Kai Zhang , Dawn Song , Yu Su , Huan Sun

Continual learning for reinforcement learning agents remains a significant challenge, particularly in preserving and leveraging existing information without an external signal to indicate changes in tasks or environments. In this study, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zeki Doruk Erden , Donia Gasmi , Boi Faltings

Training general agents to follow complex instructions (tasks) in intricate environments (levels) remains a core challenge in reinforcement learning. Random sampling of task-level pairs often produces unsolvable combinations, highlighting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Daniel Furelos-Blanco , Charles Pert , Frederik Kelbel , Alex F. Spies , Alessandra Russo , Michael Dennis

We demonstrate how an evolutionary algorithm can be extended with a curriculum learning process that selects automatically the environmental conditions in which the evolving agents are evaluated. The environmental conditions are selected so…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Nicola Milano , Stefano Nolfi

In this work we create agents that can perform well beyond a single, individual task, that exhibit much wider generalisation of behaviour to a massive, rich space of challenges. We define a universe of tasks within an environment domain and…

This paper addresses the challenges of training end-to-end autonomous driving agents using Reinforcement Learning (RL). RL agents are typically trained in a fixed set of scenarios and nominal behavior of surrounding road users in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ahmed Abouelazm , Tim Weinstein , Tim Joseph , Philip Schörner , J. Marius Zöllner

Autonomous agents have rapidly matured as task executors and seen widespread deployment via harnesses such as OpenClaw. Safety concerns have rightly drawn growing research attention, and beneath them lie the values silently steering agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haonan Dong , Qiguan Feng , Kehan Jiang , Haoran Ye , Xin Zhang , Guojie Song

Computational agents support humans in many areas of life and are therefore found in heterogeneous contexts. This means they operate in rapidly changing environments and can be confronted with huge state and action spaces. In order to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Nicole Merkle , Ralf Mikut

The technology for autonomous vehicles is close to replacing human drivers by artificial systems endowed with high-level decision-making capabilities. In this regard, systems must learn about the usual vehicle's behavior to predict imminent…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-22 Mahdyar Ravanbakhsh , Mohamad Baydoun , Damian Campo , Pablo Marin , David Martin , Lucio Marcenaro , andCarlo Regazzoni

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to significantly enhance human productivity by reasoning, using tools, and executing complex tasks in diverse environments. However, current approaches to…

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