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The violation of Bell inequalities where both detection and locality loopholes are closed is crucial for device independent assessments of quantum information. While of technological nature, the simultaneous closing of both loopholes still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 Colin Teo , Jiří Minář , Daniel Cavalcanti , Valerio Scarani

The violation of Bell inequality not only provides the most radical departure of quantum theory from classical concepts, but also paves the way of applications in such as device independent randomness certification. Here, we derive the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Youwang Xiao , Xinhui Li , Jing Wang , Ming Li , Shao-Ming Fei

The demonstration and use of nonlocality, as defined by Bell's theorem, rely strongly on dealing with non-detection events due to losses and detector inefficiencies. Otherwise, the so-called detection loophole could be exploited. The only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

The detection loophole problem arises when quantum devices fail to provide an output for some of the experimental runs. These failures allow for the possibility of a local hidden-variable description of the resulting statistics; even if the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Thomas Cope

Detection efficiency loophole poses a significant problem for experimental tests of Bell inequalities. Recently discovered Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph (PBR) theorem suffers from the same vulnerability. In this paper we calculate the critical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-28 Arijit Dutta , Marcin Pawlowski , Marek Zukowski

The degree of experimentally attainable nonlocality, as gauged by the loophole-free or effective violation of Bell inequalities, remains severely limited due to inefficient detectors. We address an experimentally motivated question: Which…

The demonstration and use of nonlocality, as defined by Bell's theorem, rely strongly on dealing with non-detection events due to losses and detectors' inefficiencies. Otherwise, the so-called detection loophole could be exploited. The only…

We discuss the problem of finding the most favorable conditions for closing the detection loophole in a test of local realism with a Bell inequality. For a generic non-maximally entangled two-qubit state and two alternative measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 G. Garbarino

The problem of designing optimal quantization rules for sequential detectors is investigated. First, it is shown that this task can be solved within the general framework of active sequential detection. Using this approach, the optimal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Michael Fauß , Manuel S. Stein , H. Vincent Poor

In Bell experiments, one problem is to achieve high enough photodetection to ensure that there is no possibility of describing the results via a local hidden-variable model. Using the Clauser-Horne inequality and a two-photon non-maximally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Adan Cabello , Jan-Åke Larsson

We study the problem of closing the detection loophole in three-qubit Bell tests, the experimentally most relevant case beyond the usual bipartite scenario, and show that the minimal detection efficiencies required can be considerably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-12 Karoly F. Pal , Tamas Vertesi

In recent years, several hacking attacks have broken the security of quantum cryptography implementations by exploiting the presence of losses and the ability of the eavesdropper to tune detection efficiencies. We present a simple attack of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-28 Antonio Acín , Daniel Cavalcanti , Elsa Passaro , Stefano Pironio , Paul Skrzypczyk

Many typical Bell experiments can be described as follows. A source repeatedly distributes particles among two spacelike separated observers. Each of them makes a measurement, using an observable randomly chosen out of several possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-08 Michael Epping , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

The majority of recent works investigating the link between non-locality and randomness, e.g. in the context of device-independent cryptography, do so with respect to some specific Bell inequality, usually the CHSH inequality. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-23 O. Nieto-Silleras , S. Pironio , J. Silman

Bell inequalities are an important tool in device-independent quantum information processing because their violation can serve as a certificate of relevant quantum properties. Probably the best known example of a Bell inequality is due to…

Bell's test, initially devised to distinguish quantum theory from local hidden variable models through {violations of local bounds}, is also a common tool for detecting entanglement. For this purpose, one can assume the quantum description…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Liang-Liang Sun , Yong-Shun Song , Sixia Yu

The violation of a Bell inequality implies the existence of nonlocality, making device-independent randomness certification possible. This paper derives a tight upper bound for the maximal quantum violation of Gisin's elegant Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-14 Dan-Dan Hu , Meng-Yan Li , Fen-Zhuo Guo , Yu-Kun Wang , Hai-Feng Dong , Fei Gao

Free will (or randomness) has been studied to achieve loophole-free Bell's inequality test and to provide device-independent quantum key distribution security proofs. The required randomness such that a local hidden variable model (LHVM)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-29 Yifeng Teng , Shenghao Yang , Siwei Wang , Mingfei Zhao

In experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, the possibility of identifying the two emitted electrons is a powerful tool in rejecting background events and therefore improving the overall sensitivity of the experiment. In…

The rates of several device-independent (DI) protocols, including quantum key-distribution (QKD) and randomness expansion (RE), can be computed via an optimization of the conditional von Neumann entropy over a particular class of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Peter Brown , Hamza Fawzi , Omar Fawzi