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Current large reasoning models (LRMs) have shown strong ability on challenging tasks after reinforcement learning (RL) based post-training. However, previous work mainly focuses on English reasoning in expectation of the strongest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Changjiang Gao , Zixian Huang , Kaichen Yang , Jiajun Chen , Jixing Li , Shujian Huang

Embodied agents often struggle with efficient navigation because they rely primarily on partial egocentric observations, which restrict global foresight and lead to inefficient exploration. In contrast, humans plan using maps: we reason…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Yuzhuo Ao , Anbang Wang , Yu-Wing Tai , Chi-Keung Tang

Vision-language navigation (VLN) is a critical domain within embedded intelligence, requiring agents to navigate 3D environments based on natural language instructions. Traditional VLN research has focused on improving environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zhiyuan Li , Yanfeng Lv , Ziqin Tu , Di Shang , Hong Qiao

Balancing exploration and exploitation remains a central challenge in reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) for large language models (LLMs). Current RLVR methods often overemphasize exploitation, leading to entropy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Liang Chen , Xueting Han , Qizhou Wang , Bo Han , Jing Bai , Hinrich Schutze , Kam-Fai Wong

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a widely adopted technique for enhancing the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the effectiveness of RLVR strongly depends on the capability of base…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zishang Jiang , Jinyi Han , Tingyun Li , Xinyi Wang , Sihang Jiang , Jiaqing Liang , Zhaoqian Dai , Shuguang Ma , Fei Yu , Yanghua Xiao

Model-based reinforcement learning is a powerful tool, but collecting data to fit an accurate model of the system can be costly. Exploring an unknown environment in a sample-efficient manner is hence of great importance. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Matthieu Blanke , Marc Lelarge

Memory-augmented LLM agents tackle complex long-horizon tasks by recursively summarizing interaction trajectories into compact memory. However, existing approaches typically train these memory policies using outcome-based reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ziyan Liu , Zhezheng Hao , Yeqiu Chen , Hong Wang , Jingren Hou , Ruiyi Ding , Yongkang Yang , Wence Ji , Wei Xia , Feng Liu

Humans can quickly learn new behaviors by leveraging background world knowledge. In contrast, agents trained with reinforcement learning (RL) typically learn behaviors from scratch. We thus propose a novel approach that uses the vast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 William Chen , Oier Mees , Aviral Kumar , Sergey Levine

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong planning and decision-making capabilities in complex embodied environments. However, such agents often suffer from inefficiencies in multi-turn interactions, frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Qingyu Lu , Liang Ding , Siyi Cao , Xuebo Liu , Kanjian Zhang , Jinxia Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful method for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Outcome-based RL, which rewards policies solely for the correctness of the final answer, yields substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yuda Song , Julia Kempe , Remi Munos

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) show significant potential for achieving high autonomy in various scenarios such as software development. Recent research has shown that LLM agents can leverage past experiences to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Chen Qian , Jiahao Li , Yufan Dang , Wei Liu , YiFei Wang , Zihao Xie , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Yingli Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents often struggle with inefficient exploration, particularly in environments with sparse rewards. Traditional exploration strategies can lead to slow learning and suboptimal performance because agents fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Gaurav Chaudhary , Laxmidhar Behera , Washim Uddin Mondal

Exploration is a difficult challenge in reinforcement learning and even recent state-of-the art curiosity-based methods rely on the simple epsilon-greedy strategy to generate novelty. We argue that pure random walks do not succeed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-06 Fabio Pardo , Vitaly Levdik , Petar Kormushev

Language model alignment (or, reinforcement learning) techniques that leverage active exploration -- deliberately encouraging the model to produce diverse, informative responses -- offer the promise of super-human capabilities. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Dylan J. Foster , Zakaria Mhammedi , Dhruv Rohatgi

Automated data preparation is crucial for democratizing machine learning, yet existing reinforcement learning (RL) based approaches suffer from inefficient exploration in the vast space of possible preprocessing pipelines. We present…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Jing Chang , Chang Liu , Jinbin Huang , Rui Mao , Jianbin Qin

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are two powerful approaches for building autonomous agents. However, due to limited understanding of the game environment, agents often resort to inefficient exploration and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Ziyu Chen , Zhiqing Xiao , Xinbei Jiang , Junbo Zhao

Embodied Reference Understanding requires identifying a target object in a visual scene based on both language instructions and pointing cues. While prior works have shown progress in open-vocabulary object detection, they often fail in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Fevziye Irem Eyiokur , Dogucan Yaman , Hazım Kemal Ekenel , Alexander Waibel

We present evidence of substantial benefit from efficient exploration in gathering human feedback to improve large language models. In our experiments, an agent sequentially generates queries while fitting a reward model to the feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Vikranth Dwaracherla , Seyed Mohammad Asghari , Botao Hao , Benjamin Van Roy

Real-world sequential decision making is characterized by sparse rewards and large decision spaces, posing significant difficulty for experiential learning systems like $\textit{tabula rasa}$ reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Hitesh Golchha , Sahil Yerawar , Dhruvesh Patel , Soham Dan , Keerthiram Murugesan

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a strong alternative to solve optimization tasks efficiently. The use of these algorithms highly depends on the feedback signals provided by the environment in charge of informing about how good (or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Alain Andres , Esther Villar-Rodriguez , Javier Del Ser