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Collaboration is ubiquitous and essential in day-to-day life -- from exchanging ideas, to delegating tasks, to generating plans together. This work studies how LLMs can adaptively collaborate to perform complex embodied reasoning tasks. To…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the power of reasoning through self-generated chains of thought. Multiple reasoning agents can collaborate to raise joint reasoning quality above individual outcomes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Chan-Jan Hsu , Davide Buffelli , Jamie McGowan , Feng-Ting Liao , Yi-Chang Chen , Sattar Vakili , Da-shan Shiu

Human social interactions depend on the ability to infer others' unspoken intentions, emotions, and beliefs-a cognitive skill grounded in the psychological concept of Theory of Mind (ToM). While large language models (LLMs) excel in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuanming Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Samuel Yeh , Sharon Li

One of the challenges for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is designing efficient learning algorithms for a large system in which each agent has only limited or partial information of the entire system. While exciting progress has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Haotian Gu , Xin Guo , Xiaoli Wei , Renyuan Xu

Communication in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been proven to effectively promote cooperation among agents recently. Since communication in real-world scenarios is vulnerable to noises and adversarial attacks, it is crucial…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Lebin Yu , Yunbo Qiu , Quanming Yao , Yuan Shen , Xudong Zhang , Jian Wang

We consider the problem of robust multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents, mainly those trained in a centralized way, can be brittle because they can adopt policies that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 T. van der Heiden , C. Salge , E. Gavves , H. van Hoof

We envision a continuous collaborative learning system where groups of LLM agents work together to solve reasoning problems, drawing on memory they collectively build to improve performance as they gain experience. This work establishes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Julie Michelman , Nasrin Baratalipour , Matthew Abueg

Most of agents that learn policy for tasks with reinforcement learning (RL) lack the ability to communicate with people, which makes human-agent collaboration challenging. We believe that, in order for RL agents to comprehend utterances…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Yosuke Fukuchi , Masahiko Osawa , Hiroshi Yamakawa , Tatsuji Takahashi , Michita Imai

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) methods have shown promise in enabling agents to learn a shared communication protocol from scratch and accomplish challenging team tasks. However, the learned language is usually not interpretable…

In multi-agent systems, agents need to interact and collaborate with other agents in environments. Agent modeling is crucial to facilitate agent interactions and make adaptive cooperation strategies. However, it is challenging for agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Baofu Fang , Caiming Zheng , Hao Wang

We consider communication when there is no agreement about symbols and meanings. We treat it within the framework of reinforcement learning. We apply different reinforcement learning models in our studies and simplify the problem as much as…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 A. Lorincz , V. Gyenes , M. Kiszlinger , I. Szita

Modelling the behaviours of other agents is essential for understanding how agents interact and making effective decisions. Existing methods for agent modelling commonly assume knowledge of the local observations and chosen actions of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Stefano V. Albrecht

Interactive behavior modeling of multiple agents is an essential challenge in simulation, especially in scenarios when agents need to avoid collisions and cooperate at the same time. Humans can interact with others without explicit…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Lingfeng Sun , Pin-Yun Hung , Changhao Wang , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Zhuo Xu

Recently, model-based agents have achieved better performance than model-free ones using the same computational budget and training time in single-agent environments. However, due to the complexity of multi-agent systems, it is tough to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Zhiwei Xu , Dapeng Li , Bin Zhang , Yuan Zhan , Yunpeng Bai , Guoliang Fan

A Multi-robot system (MRS) provides significant advantages for intricate tasks such as environmental monitoring, underwater inspections, and space missions. However, addressing potential communication failures or the lack of communication…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Lauren Bramblett , Jonathan Reasoner , Nicola Bezzo

Existing Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) typically rely on homogeneous model configurations, failing to exploit the diverse expertise inherent in different post-trained architectures. We propose Team-of-Thoughts, a heterogeneous MAS framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jeffrey T. H. Wong , Zixi Zhang , Junyi Liu , Yiren Zhao

To date, formal models of collective intelligence have lacked a plausible mathematical description of the relationship between local-scale interactions between highly autonomous sub-system components (individuals) and global-scale behavior…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Rafael Kaufmann , Pranav Gupta , Jacob Taylor

Existing multi-agent learning approaches have developed interactive training environments to explicitly promote collaboration among multiple Large Language Models (LLMs), thereby constructing stronger multi-agent systems (MAS). However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hehai Lin , Shilei Cao , Sudong Wang , Haotian Wu , Minzhi Li , Linyi Yang , Juepeng Zheng , Chengwei Qin

Modeling multi-agent systems requires understanding how agents interact. Such systems are often difficult to model because they can involve a variety of types of interactions that layer together to drive rich social behavioral dynamics.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Fan-Yun Sun , Isaac Kauvar , Ruohan Zhang , Jiachen Li , Mykel Kochenderfer , Jiajun Wu , Nick Haber

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) perform complex tasks through long-horizon reasoning and tool interaction, where a fundamental trade-off arises between execution efficiency and reasoning robustness. Models at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Wenbo Gao , Renxi Liu , Xian Wang , Fang Guo , Shuai Yang , Xi Chen , Hui-Ling Zhen , Hanting Chen , Weizhe Lin , Xiaosong Li , Yaoyuan Wang
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