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Deep equilibrium (DEQ) models replace the multiple-layer stacking of conventional deep networks with a fixed-point iteration of a single-layer transformation. Having been demonstrated to be competitive in a variety of real-world scenarios,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Zonghan Yang , Peng Li , Tianyu Pang , Yang Liu

Diffusion-based generative models are extremely effective in generating high-quality images, with generated samples often surpassing the quality of those produced by other models under several metrics. One distinguishing feature of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Ashwini Pokle , Zhengyang Geng , Zico Kolter

Deep Equilibrium Models (DEQs) replace a stack of explicit layers with a single operator whose fixed point defines the output, giving the expressive power of an arbitrarily deep network at the memory cost of a single layer. Quantum Deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Pengyuan Xu , Tristan Zaborniak , Luis F. Rivera , Hausi A. Müller

Bilevel optimization offers a methodology to learn hyperparameters in imaging inverse problems, yet its integration with automatic differentiation techniques remains challenging. On the one hand, inverse problems are typically solved by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-17 Leo Davy , Luis M. Briceno-Arias , N. Pustelnik

This tutorial paper surveys provably optimal alternatives to end-to-end backpropagation (E2EBP) -- the de facto standard for training deep architectures. Modular training refers to strictly local training without both the forward and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Shiyu Duan , Jose C. Principe

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a promising noninvasive imaging technique that reconstructs the spatial conductivity distribution from boundary voltage measurements. However, it poses a highly nonlinear and ill-posed inverse…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Xuanxuan Yang , Yangming Zhang , Haofeng Chen , Gang Ma , Xiaojie Wang

Backpropagation learning algorithm, the workhorse of modern artificial intelligence, is notoriously difficult to implement in physical neural networks. Equilibrium Propagation (EP) is an alternative with comparable efficiency and strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Karol Sajnok , Michał Matuszewski

Equivariant and invariant deep learning models have been developed to exploit intrinsic symmetries in data, demonstrating significant effectiveness in certain scenarios. However, these methods often suffer from limited representation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yulu Bai , Jiahong Fu , Qi Xie , Deyu Meng

Current state-of-the-art reconstruction for quantitative tissue maps from fast, compressive, Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF), use supervised deep learning, with the drawback of requiring high-fidelity ground truth tissue map…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-24 Ketan Fatania , Kwai Y. Chau , Carolin M. Pirkl , Marion I. Menzel , Peter Hall , Mohammad Golbabaee

Training implicit neural representations (INRs) to capture fine-scale details typically relies on iterative backpropagation and is often hindered by spectral bias when the target exhibits highly non-uniform frequency content. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Woojin Cho , Junghwan Park

Implicit deep learning has recently gained popularity with applications ranging from meta-learning to Deep Equilibrium Networks (DEQs). In its general formulation, it relies on expressing some components of deep learning pipelines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Zaccharie Ramzi , Pierre Ablin , Gabriel Peyré , Thomas Moreau

We present a simple non-generative approach to deep representation learning that seeks equivariant deep embedding through simple objectives. In contrast to existing equivariant networks, our transformation coding approach does not constrain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Mehran Shakerinava , Arnab Kumar Mondal , Siamak Ravanbakhsh

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a powerful imaging technique with diverse applications, e.g., medical diagnosis, industrial monitoring, and environmental studies. The EIT inverse problem is about inferring the internal conductivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Derick Nganyu Tanyu , Jianfeng Ning , Andreas Hauptmann , Bangti Jin , Peter Maass

This paper introduces a new approach for solving electrical impedance tomography (EIT) problems using deep neural networks. The mathematical problem of EIT is to invert the electrical conductivity from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-01-29 Yuwei Fan , Lexing Ying

Deep learning has been widely employed to solve the Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) image reconstruction problem. Most existing physical model-based and learning-based approaches focus on 2D EIT image reconstruction. However, when…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-01 Zhaoguang Yi , Zhou Chen , Yunjie Yang

How can prior knowledge on the transformation invariances of a domain be incorporated into the architecture of a neural network? We propose Equivariant Transformers (ETs), a family of differentiable image-to-image mappings that improve the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Kai Sheng Tai , Peter Bailis , Gregory Valiant

Deep equilibrium models (DEQs), as a typical implicit neural network, have demonstrated remarkable success on various tasks. There is, however, a lack of theoretical understanding of the connections and differences between implicit DEQs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zenan Ling , Longbo Li , Zhanbo Feng , Yixuan Zhang , Feng Zhou , Robert C. Qiu , Zhenyu Liao

Plug-and-play algorithms constitute a popular framework for solving inverse imaging problems that rely on the implicit definition of an image prior via a denoiser. These algorithms can leverage powerful pre-trained denoisers to solve a wide…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Matthieu Terris , Thomas Moreau , Nelly Pustelnik , Julian Tachella

Recent efforts in applying implicit networks to solve inverse problems in imaging have achieved competitive or even superior results when compared to feedforward networks. These implicit networks only require constant memory during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Linghai Liu , Shuaicheng Tong , Lisa Zhao

Recently, with the significant developments in deep learning techniques, solving underdetermined inverse problems has become one of the major concerns in the medical imaging domain. Typical examples include undersampled magnetic resonance…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-29 Chang Min Hyun , Seong Hyeon Baek , Mingyu Lee , Sung Min Lee , Jin Keun Seo