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The security issue of large language models (LLMs) has gained wide attention recently, with various defense mechanisms developed to prevent harmful output, among which safeguards based on text embedding models serve as a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haoyu Liang , Youran Sun , Yunfeng Cai , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

As the scale and complexity of jailbreaking attacks on large language models (LLMs) continue to escalate, their efficiency and practical applicability are constrained, posing a profound challenge to LLM security. Jailbreaking techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xiang Li , Chong Zhang , Jia Wang , Fangyu Wu , Yushi Li , Xiaobo Jin

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse domains, ensuring their safety has become a critical concern. In response, studies on jailbreak attacks have been actively growing. Existing approaches typically rely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yelim Ahn , Jaejin Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to multi-turn jailbreak attacks. We introduce HarmNet, a modular framework comprising ThoughtNet, a hierarchical semantic network; a feedback-driven Simulator for iterative query refinement;…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Sidhant Narula , Javad Rafiei Asl , Mohammad Ghasemigol , Eduardo Blanco , Daniel Takabi

Jailbreaks on large language models (LLMs) have recently received increasing attention. For a comprehensive assessment of LLM safety, it is essential to consider jailbreaks with diverse attributes, such as contextual coherence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xingang Guo , Fangxu Yu , Huan Zhang , Lianhui Qin , Bin Hu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are widely used in vision-language reasoning tasks. However, their vulnerability to adversarial prompts remains a serious concern, as safety mechanisms often fail to prevent the generation of harmful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zuoou Li , Weitong Zhang , Jingyuan Wang , Shuyuan Zhang , Wenjia Bai , Bernhard Kainz , Mengyun Qiao

Despite substantial advancements in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values, current safety mechanisms remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks. We hypothesize that this vulnerability stems from distributional discrepancies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jingyu Peng , Maolin Wang , Nan Wang , Jiatong Li , Yuchen Li , Yuyang Ye , Wanyu Wang , Pengyue Jia , Kai Zhang , Xiangyu Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Zhaoqi Wang , Zijian Zhang , Daqing He , Pengtao Kou , Xin Li , Jiamou Liu , Jincheng An , Yong Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to generating harmful content when prompted with carefully crafted inputs, a vulnerability known as LLM jailbreaking. As LLMs become more powerful, studying jailbreak methods is critical to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Hao Wang , Hao Li , Junda Zhu , Xinyuan Wang , Chengwei Pan , MinLie Huang , Lei Sha

Jailbreak attacks in large language models (LLMs) entail inducing the models to generate content that breaches ethical and legal norm through the use of malicious prompts, posing a substantial threat to LLM security. Current strategies for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Lin Lu , Hai Yan , Zenghui Yuan , Jiawen Shi , Wenqi Wei , Pin-Yu Chen , Pan Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, raising concerns about their security. While jailbreak attacks highlight failures under overtly harmful queries, they overlook a critical risk: incorrectly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yukai Zhou , Sibei Yang , Wenjie Wang

The demand of customized large language models (LLMs) has led to commercial LLMs offering black-box fine-tuning APIs, yet this convenience introduces a critical security loophole: attackers could jailbreak the LLMs by fine-tuning them with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhixin Xie , Xurui Song , Jun Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) face threats from jailbreak prompts. Existing methods for detecting jailbreak prompts are primarily online moderation APIs or finetuned LLMs. These strategies, however, often require extensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Yueqi Xie , Minghong Fang , Renjie Pi , Neil Gong

Current Large Language Model alignment research mostly focuses on improving model robustness against adversarial attacks and misbehavior by training on examples and prompting. Research has shown that LLM jailbreak probability increases with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Thomas Rivasseau

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in recent advancements, their susceptibility to jailbreak attacks has come to light. In such attacks, adversaries exploit carefully crafted prompts to coerce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ziyi Yin , Yuanpu Cao , Han Liu , Ting Wang , Jinghui Chen , Fenhlong Ma

We present a novel black-box jailbreaking framework that integrates multiple LLM-as-Attacker strategies to deliver highly transferable and effective attacks. The framework is grounded in three key insights from prior jailbreaking research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yiqi Yang , Hongye Fu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongwen Zhao , Yutong Ke , Kaizhu Huang

Recently, Anil et al. (2024) show that many-shot (up to hundreds of) demonstrations can jailbreak state-of-the-art LLMs by exploiting their long-context capability. Nevertheless, is it possible to use few-shot demonstrations to efficiently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Xiaosen Zheng , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Qian Liu , Jing Jiang , Min Lin

The rapid deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for enhanced security and privacy measures in Machine Learning (ML). LLMs are increasingly being used to process untrusted text inputs and even generate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Andrew Adiletta , Kathryn Adiletta , Kemal Derya , Berk Sunar

Open-source large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular among both the general public and industry, as they can be customized, fine-tuned, and freely used. However, some open-source LLMs require approval before usage,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Ziqing Yang , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Ahmed Salem
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