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Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are an increasingly powerful way to solve partial differential equations, generate digital twins, and create neural surrogates of physical models. In this manuscript we detail the inner workings of…

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are a promising approach that combines the power of neural networks with the interpretability of physical modeling. PINNs have shown good practical performance in solving partial differential…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-26 Nathan Doumèche , Gérard Biau , Claire Boyer

Physics-informed neural networks have shown significant potential in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) across diverse scientific fields. However, their performance often deteriorates when addressing PDEs with intricate and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Nanxi Chen , Chuanjie Cui , Rujin Ma , Airong Chen , Sifan Wang

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are machine learning tools that approximate the solution of general partial differential equations (PDEs) by adding them in some form as terms of the loss/cost function of a Neural Network. Most…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-08-29 Antonio Tadeu Azevedo Gomes , Larissa Miguez da Silva , Frederic Valentin

While physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have become a popular deep learning framework for tackling forward and inverse problems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs), their performance is known to degrade when larger and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Sifan Wang , Bowen Li , Yuhan Chen , Paris Perdikaris

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have shown to be an effective tool for solving forward and inverse problems of partial differential equations (PDEs). PINNs embed the PDEs into the loss of the neural network, and this PDE loss is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Chenxi Wu , Min Zhu , Qinyang Tan , Yadhu Kartha , Lu Lu

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have recently become a powerful tool for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). However, finding a set of neural network parameters that lead to fulfilling a PDE can be challenging and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Aleksandr Dekhovich , Marcel H. F. Sluiter , David M. J. Tax , Miguel A. Bessa

Mathematical models in neural networks are powerful tools for solving complex differential equations and optimizing their parameters; that is, solving the forward and inverse problems, respectively. A forward problem predicts the output of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Aarush Gupta , Kendric Hsu , Syna Mathod

Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have frequently been used for the numerical approximation of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). The goal of this paper is to construct PINNs along with a computable upper bound of the error,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-19 Lewin Ernst , Karsten Urban

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a powerful approach for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by training neural networks with loss functions that incorporate physical constraints. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Madison Cooley , Robert M. Kirby , Shandian Zhe , Varun Shankar

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for solving physical systems described by partial differential equations (PDEs). However, their accuracy in dynamical systems, particularly those involving sharp…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Wei Wang , Tang Paai Wong , Haihui Ruan , Somdatta Goswami

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have been proposed to solve two main classes of problems: data-driven solutions and data-driven discovery of partial differential equations. This task becomes prohibitive when such data is highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Wei Peng , Wen Yao , Weien Zhou , Xiaoya Zhang , Weijie Yao

Motivated by recent research on Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), we make the first attempt to introduce the PINNs for numerical simulation of the elliptic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) on 3D manifolds. PINNs are one of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-03-05 Zhuochao Tang , Zhuojia Fu

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) [4, 10] are an approach for solving boundary value problems based on differential equations (PDEs). The key idea of PINNs is to use a neural network to approximate the solution to the PDE and to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-05-23 Victorita Dolean , Alexander Heinlein , Siddhartha Mishra , Ben Moseley

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) solve partial differential equations using deep learning. However, conventional PINNs perform pointwise predictions that neglect dependencies within a domain, which may result in suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Mayank Nagda , Phil Ostheimer , Thomas Specht , Frank Rhein , Fabian Jirasek , Stephan Mandt , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a promising mesh-free paradigm for solving partial differential equations, yet adoption in science and engineering is limited by slow training and modest accuracy relative to modern…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Pao-Hsiung Chiu , Jian Cheng Wong , Chin Chun Ooi , Chang Wei , Yuchen Fan , Yew-Soon Ong

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have attracted considerable attention for their ability to integrate partial differential equation priors into deep learning frameworks; however, they often exhibit limited predictive accuracy when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ze Tao , Hanxuan Wang , Fujun Liu

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are neural networks (NNs) that encode model equations, like Partial Differential Equations (PDE), as a component of the neural network itself. PINNs are nowadays used to solve PDEs, fractional…

Learning the solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) with a neural network is an attractive alternative to traditional solvers due to its elegance, greater flexibility and the ease of incorporating observed data. However, training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Katsiaryna Haitsiukevich , Alexander Ilin

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a significant advancement in scientific machine learning by integrating fundamental physical laws into their architecture through loss functions. PINNs have been successfully applied to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Wei Zhou , Y. F. Xu