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We rethink Federated Learning (FL) from a nested learning perspective, framing the core challenge as how to collaboratively learn optimization rules, not just static models, to tackle Non-IID client data. To address this, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hong Chen , Pengcheng Wu , Yuanguo Lin , Peilin Zhao , Xiuze Zhou , Fan Lin , Han Yu

Personalized Federated Learning aims at addressing the challenges of non-IID data in collaborative model training. However, existing methods struggle to balance personalization and generalization, often oversimplifying client similarities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Mattia Giovanni Campana , Franca Delmastro

Federated Learning (FL) on non-independently and identically distributed (non-IID) data remains a critical challenge, as existing approaches struggle with severe data heterogeneity. Current methods primarily address symptoms of non-IID by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Hui Yeok Wong , Chee Kau Lim , Chee Seng Chan

Federated Learning (FL) trains a machine learning model on distributed clients without exposing individual data. Unlike centralized training that is usually based on carefully-organized data, FL deals with on-device data that are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Jaemin Shin , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu , Sung-Ju Lee

Federated Learning (FL) suffers from severe performance degradation due to the data heterogeneity among clients. Existing works reveal that the fundamental reason is that data heterogeneity can cause client drift where the local model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Haoran Xu , Jiaze Li , Wanyi Wu , Hao Ren

Due to limited communication capacities of edge devices, most existing federated learning (FL) methods randomly select only a subset of devices to participate in training for each communication round. Compared with engaging all the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jianyi Zhang , Ang Li , Minxue Tang , Jingwei Sun , Xiang Chen , Fan Zhang , Changyou Chen , Yiran Chen , Hai Li

Federated Learning (FL) aims to train machine learning models for multiple clients without sharing their own private data. Due to the heterogeneity of clients' local data distribution, recent studies explore the personalized FL that learns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Daoyuan Chen , Liuyi Yao , Dawei Gao , Bolin Ding , Yaliang Li

Training a general-purpose time series foundation models with robust generalization capabilities across diverse applications from scratch is still an open challenge. Efforts are primarily focused on fusing cross-domain time series datasets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Shengchao Chen , Guodong Long , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) is a novel approach that allows for collaborative machine learning while preserving data privacy by leveraging models trained on decentralized devices. However, FL faces challenges due to non-uniformly distributed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Changlin Song , Divya Saxena , Jiannong Cao , Yuqing Zhao

Online intelligent education platforms have generated a vast amount of distributed student learning data. This influx of data presents opportunities for cognitive diagnosis (CD) to assess students' mastery of knowledge concepts while also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shangshang Yang , Jialin Han , Xiaoshan Yu , Ziwen Wang , Hao Jiang , Haiping Ma , Xingyi Zhang , Geyong Min

This paper proposes a novel batch normalization strategy for test-time adaptation. Recent test-time adaptation methods heavily rely on the modified batch normalization, i.e., transductive batch normalization (TBN), which calculates the mean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Hyesu Lim , Byeonggeun Kim , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging technique used to collaboratively train a global machine learning model while keeping the data localized on the user devices. The main obstacle to FL's practical implementation is the Non-Independent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Hiep Nguyen , Lam Phan , Harikrishna Warrier , Yogesh Gupta

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) aims to learn personalized models for each client based on the knowledge across all clients in a privacy-preserving manner. Existing PFL methods generally assume that the underlying global data across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yang Lu , Pinxin Qian , Gang Huang , Hanzi Wang

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a significant paradigm for training machine learning models. This is due to its data-privacy-preserving property and its efficient exploitation of distributed computational resources. This is achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Mustafa Ghaleb , Mohanad Obeed , Muhamad Felemban , Anas Chaaban , Halim Yanikomeroglu

Federated learning (FL) is a promising technique that enables a large amount of edge computing devices to collaboratively train a global learning model. Due to privacy concerns, the raw data on devices could not be available for centralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Miao Yang , Akitanoshou Wong , Hongbin Zhu , Haifeng Wang , Hua Qian

Federated Domain Adaptation (FDA) is a Federated Learning (FL) scenario where models are trained across multiple clients with unique data domains but a shared category space, without transmitting private data. The primary challenge in FDA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Jingyuan Zhang , Yiyang Duan , Shuaicheng Niu , Yang Cao , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Analytic Federated Learning (AFL) is an enhanced gradient-free federated learning (FL) paradigm designed to accelerate training by updating the global model in a single step with closed-form least-square (LS) solutions. However, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Shunxian Gu , Chaoqun You , Deke Guo , Zhihao Qu , Bangbang Ren , Zaipeng Xie , Lailong Luo

Test time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt deep neural networks when receiving out of distribution test domain samples. In this setting, the model can only access online unlabeled test samples and pre-trained models on the training domains.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Shuai Wang , Daoan Zhang , Zipei Yan , Jianguo Zhang , Rui Li

Federated learning (FL) enhances data privacy with collaborative in-situ training on decentralized clients. Nevertheless, FL encounters challenges due to non-independent and identically distributed (non-i.i.d) data, leading to potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Weiming Zhuang , Lingjuan Lyu

Given a model trained on source data, Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables adaptation and inference in test data streams with domain shifts from the source. Current methods predominantly optimize the model for each incoming test data batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ziqiang Wang , Zhixiang Chi , Yanan Wu , Li Gu , Zhi Liu , Konstantinos Plataniotis , Yang Wang