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Deploying large language models (LLMs) encounters challenges due to intensive computational and memory requirements. Our research examines vocabulary trimming (VT) inspired by restricting embedding entries to the language of interest to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Nikolay Bogoychev , Pinzhen Chen , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Subword tokenization is an essential part of modern large language models (LLMs), yet its specific contributions to training efficiency and model performance remain poorly understood. In this work, we decouple the effects of subword…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Théo Gigant , Bowen Peng , Jeffrey Quesnelle

We introduce compression laws for language language models (LLMs). While recent scaling laws have sought to understand how LLMs scale with respect to model size, pre-training data, and computational resources, we focus on understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ayan Sengupta , Siddhant Chaudhary , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large language models that require multiple GPU cards to host are usually the most capable models. It is necessary to understand and steer these models, but the current technologies do not support the interpretability and steering of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Dev Arpan Desai , Shaoyi Huang , Zining Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown immense potential across various domains, but their high memory requirements and inference costs remain critical challenges for deployment. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianyi Zhang , Anshumali Shrivastava

Integrating large language models (LLMs) into automatic speech recognition (ASR) has become a dominant paradigm. Although recent LLM-based ASR models have shown promising performance on public benchmarks, it remains challenging to balance…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Yuan Xie , Jiaqi Song , Guang Qiu , Xianliang Wang , Ming Lei , Jie Gao , Jie Wu

This paper presents the first-ever study of adapting compressed image latents to suit the needs of downstream vision tasks that adopt Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). MLLMs have extended the success of large language models to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Chia-Hao Kao , Cheng Chien , Yu-Jen Tseng , Yi-Hsin Chen , Alessandro Gnutti , Shao-Yuan Lo , Wen-Hsiao Peng , Riccardo Leonardi

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) traditionally rely on final-layer loss for training and final-layer representations for predictions, potentially overlooking the predictive power embedded in intermediate layers. Surprisingly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Haoyan Luo , Lucia Specia

During the training of Large Language Models (LLMs), tensor data is periodically "checkpointed" to persistent storage to allow recovery of work done in the event of failure. The volume of data that must be copied during each checkpoint,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Daniel Waddington , Cornel Constantinescu

Speech large language models (SLMs) are typically built from text large language model (TLM) checkpoints, yet they still suffer from a substantial modality gap. Prior work has mainly attempted to reduce this gap from the output side by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Wenqian Cui , Xiao-Hui Li , Daxin Tan , Qiyong Zheng , Irwin King

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has become a central mechanism for eliciting multi-step reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet recent evidence presents a tension: hidden states appear to already encode future reasoning before CoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Liyan Xu , Mo Yu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate large amounts of knowledge and take enormous amounts of compute to train. We make use of this resource, together with the observation that LLMs are able to transfer knowledge and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Malcolm L. Wolff , Shenghao Yang , Kari Torkkola , Michael W. Mahoney

Estimating the difficulty of input questions as perceived by large language models (LLMs) is essential for accurate performance evaluation and adaptive inference. Existing methods typically rely on repeated response sampling, auxiliary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yubo Zhu , Dongrui Liu , Zecheng Lin , Wei Tong , Sheng Zhong , Jing Shao

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered substantial attention due to their promising applications in diverse domains. Nevertheless, the increasing size of LLMs comes with a significant surge in the computational requirements for training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Zhehui Wang , Tao Luo , Cheng Liu , Weichen Liu , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Weng-Fai Wong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated broad utility across molecular domains, spanning drug discovery and materials design. Analyzing LLMs' latent representations is crucial for elucidating their underlying mechanisms, improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhuoran Li , Xu Sun , Wanyu Lin , Jiannong Cao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on complex reasoning tasks, yet little is known about their ability to internally evaluate problem difficulty, which is an essential capability for adaptive reasoning and efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sunbowen Lee , Qingyu Yin , Chak Tou Leong , Jialiang Zhang , Yicheng Gong , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

We consider Representation Misdirection (RM), a class of large language model (LLM) unlearning methods that achieve forgetting by redirecting the forget-representations, that is, latent representations of forget-samples, toward a target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Tien Dang , The-Hai Nguyen , Dinh Mai Phuong , Nguyen Minh Phuong , Anh Bui , Hoang Thanh-Tung , Le-Minh Nguyen , Naoya Inoue

Text representation plays a critical role in tasks like clustering, retrieval, and other downstream applications. With the emergence of large language models (LLMs), there is increasing interest in harnessing their capabilities for this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yeqin Zhang , Yizheng Zhao , Chen Hu , Binxing Jiao , Daxin Jiang , Ruihang Miao , Cam-Tu Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) are pretrained by minimizing the cross-entropy loss for next-token prediction. In this paper, we study whether this optimization strategy can induce geometric structure in the learned model weights and context…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Zhehang Du , Hangfeng He , Weijie Su

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) reflect the inherent social biases of their training corpus. Many methods have been proposed to mitigate this issue, but they often fail to debias or they sacrifice model accuracy. We use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Li S. Yifei , Lyle Ungar , João Sedoc