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In this work, we propose extreme compression techniques like binarization, ternarization for Neural Decoders such as TurboAE. These methods reduce memory and computation by a factor of 64 with a performance better than the quantized (with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Devannagari Vikas , Nancy Nayak , Sheetal Kalyani

Mission-critical embedded software is critical to our society's infrastructure but can be subject to new security vulnerabilities as technology advances. When security issues arise, Reverse Engineers (REs) use Software Reverse Engineering…

Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) significantly reduce the computation and memory demands with binarized weights and activations compared to full-precision NNs. Executing a layer in a BNN on different devices of a heterogeneous…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Leonard David Bereholschi , Ching-Chi Lin , Mikail Yayla , Jian-Jia Chen

Programming by example (PBE) is an emerging programming paradigm that automatically synthesizes programs specified by user-provided input-output examples. Despite the convenience for end-users, implementing PBE tools often requires strong…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Jiarong Wu , Lili Wei , Yanyan Jiang , Shing-Chi Cheung , Luyao Ren , Chang Xu

Large language models (LLMs) for code rely on subword tokenizers, such as byte-pair encoding (BPE), learned from mixed natural language text and programming language code but driven by statistics rather than grammar. As a result,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yinxi Li , Yuntian Deng , Pengyu Nie

Existing time series tokenization methods predominantly encode a constant number of samples into individual tokens. This inflexible approach can generate excessive tokens for even simple patterns like extended constant values, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Leon Götz , Marcel Kollovieh , Stephan Günnemann , Leo Schwinn

Existing binary corpora typically capture only one or two axes of binary variation: they either provide cross-compiler builds without a temporal axis, or CVE labels for single-build binaries. None combine cross-build diversity,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chang Liu , Noah Fleischmann , Nicolò Altamura , Edward Raff , James Holt , Kristopher Micinski

Efficient parallelization of Large Language Models (LLMs) with long sequences is essential but challenging due to their significant computational and memory demands, particularly stemming from communication bottlenecks in attention…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Zongwu Wang , Fangxin Liu , Mingshuai Li , Li Jiang

Mutation analysis is an effective technique to evaluate a test suite adequacy in terms of revealing unforeseen bugs in software. Traditional source- or IR-level mutation analysis is not applicable to the software only available in binary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Mohsen Ahmadi , Pantea Kiaei , Navid Emamdoost

Binary Code Embedding (BCE) has important applications in various reverse engineering tasks such as binary code similarity detection, type recovery, control-flow recovery and data-flow analysis. Recent studies have shown that the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Wenyu Zhu , Hao Wang , Yuchen Zhou , Jiaming Wang , Zihan Sha , Zeyu Gao , Chao Zhang

Recent dynamic tokenisation methods operate directly on bytes and pool their latent representations into patches. This bears similarities to computational models of word segmentation that determine lexical boundaries using spikes in an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zébulon Goriely , Suchir Salhan , Pietro Lesci , Julius Cheng , Paula Buttery

By processing electronic health records (EHRs) as natural language sequences, large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in clinical prediction tasks such as mortality prediction and phenotyping. However, longitudinal or highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Mingcheng Zhu , Zhiyao Luo , Yu Liu , Tingting Zhu

This paper introduces Dynamic Programming Encoding (DPE), a new segmentation algorithm for tokenizing sentences into subword units. We view the subword segmentation of output sentences as a latent variable that should be marginalized out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Xuanli He , Gholamreza Haffari , Mohammad Norouzi

Discretizing speech into tokens and generating them by a decoder-only model have been a promising direction for text-to-speech (TTS) and spoken language modeling (SLM). To shorten the sequence length of speech tokens, acoustic byte-pair…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Bohan Li , Feiyu Shen , Yiwei Guo , Shuai Wang , Xie Chen , Kai Yu

Transformers predict over a representation of a sequence. The same data can be written as bytes, characters, or subword tokens, and these representations may be lossless. Yet, under a fixed context window, they need not expose the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Amirmehdi Jafari Fesharaki , Mohammadamin Rami , Aslan Tchamkerten

Subword tokenization is a commonly used input pre-processing step in most recent NLP models. However, it limits the models' ability to leverage end-to-end task learning. Its frequency-based vocabulary creation compromises tokenization in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Md Mofijul Islam , Gustavo Aguilar , Pragaash Ponnusamy , Clint Solomon Mathialagan , Chengyuan Ma , Chenlei Guo

Reverse engineering of binary executables is a critical problem in the computer security domain. On the one hand, malicious parties may recover interpretable source codes from the software products to gain commercial advantages. On the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Cheng Fu , Huili Chen , Haolan Liu , Xinyun Chen , Yuandong Tian , Farinaz Koushanfar , Jishen Zhao

Tokenization is a crucial step in information retrieval, especially for lexical matching algorithms, where the quality of indexable tokens directly impacts the effectiveness of a retrieval system. Since different languages have unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Odunayo Ogundepo , Xinyu Zhang , Jimmy Lin

Accurate molecular representations are critical for drug discovery, and a central challenge lies in capturing the chemical environment of molecular fragments, as key interactions, such as H-bond and {\pi} stacking, occur only under specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yanru Qu , Yijie Zhang , Wenjuan Tan , Xiangzhe Kong , Xiangxin Zhou , Chaoran Cheng , Mathieu Blanchette , Jiaxuan You , Ge Liu

Unlike hybrid speech recognition systems where the use of tokens was restricted to phones, biphones or triphones the choice of tokens in the end-to-end ASR systems is derived from the text corpus of the training data. The use of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-06 Sunil Kumar Kopparapu , Ashish Panda