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The paper focuses on the interpretability of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) evaluation metrics, which received little attention in previous studies. To bridge the gap, we introduce **CLEME2.0**, a reference-based metric describing four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jingheng Ye , Zishan Xu , Yinghui Li , Linlin Song , Qingyu Zhou , Hai-Tao Zheng , Ying Shen , Wenhao Jiang , Hong-Gee Kim , Ruitong Liu , Xin Su , Zifei Shan

We study the ability of transformer-based language models (LMs) to understand social media language. Social media (SM) language is distinct from standard written language, yet existing benchmarks fall short of capturing LM performance in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Vasilisa Bashlovkina , Riley Matthews , Zhaobin Kuang , Simon Baumgartner , Michael Bendersky

An important problem of the sequence-to-sequence neural models widely used in abstractive summarization is exposure bias. To alleviate this problem, re-ranking systems have been applied in recent years. Despite some performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Jeewoo Sul , Yong Suk Choi

Evaluating whether vision-language models (VLMs) reason consistently across representations is challenging because modality comparisons are typically confounded by task differences and asymmetric information. We introduce SEAM, a benchmark…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zhenwei Tang , Difan Jiao , Blair Yang , Ashton Anderson

Since LLMs emerged, more attention has been paid to abstractive long-form summarization, where longer input sequences indicate more information contained. Nevertheless, the automatic evaluation of such summaries remains underexplored. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yuchen Fan , Yazhe Wan , Xin Zhong , Haonan Cheng , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

While current Automated Essay Scoring (AES) methods demonstrate high scoring agreement with human raters, their decision-making mechanisms are not fully understood. Our proposed method, using counterfactual intervention assisted by Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yupei Wang , Renfen Hu , Zhe Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred interest in automatic evaluation methods for summarization, offering a faster, more cost-effective alternative to human evaluation. However, existing methods often fall short when applied to complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ziwei Gong , Lin Ai , Harshsaiprasad Deshpande , Alexander Johnson , Emmy Phung , Zehui Wu , Ahmad Emami , Julia Hirschberg

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is traditionally evaluated using Word Error Rate (WER), a metric that is insensitive to meaning. Embedding-based semantic metrics are better correlated with human perception, but decoder-based Large…

By harnessing pre-trained language models, summarization models had rapid progress recently. However, the models are mainly assessed by automatic evaluation metrics such as ROUGE. Although ROUGE is known for having a positive correlation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Wonjin Yoon , Yoon Sun Yeo , Minbyul Jeong , Bong-Jun Yi , Jaewoo Kang

Automatic evaluation of semantic rationality is an important yet challenging task, and current automatic techniques cannot well identify whether a sentence is semantically rational. The methods based on the language model do not measure the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Shu Liu , Jingjing Xu , Xuancheng Ren , Xu Sun

Various evaluation metrics have been proposed for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC), but many, particularly reference-free metrics, lack explainability. This lack of explainability hinders researchers from analyzing the strengths and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Takumi Goto , Justin Vasselli , Taro Watanabe

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate considerable potential in various natural language tasks but face significant challenges in mathematical reasoning, particularly in executing precise, multi-step logic. However, current evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tiasa Singha Roy , Aditeya Baral , Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Yusuf Baig

Automated evaluation is crucial for streamlining text summarization benchmarking and model development, given the costly and time-consuming nature of human evaluation. Traditional methods like ROUGE do not correlate well with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Hwanjun Song , Hang Su , Igor Shalyminov , Jason Cai , Saab Mansour

State-of-the-art natural language generation evaluation metrics are based on black-box language models. Hence, recent works consider their explainability with the goals of better understandability for humans and better metric analysis,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Christoph Leiter , Hoa Nguyen , Steffen Eger

Human evaluation of machine translation normally uses sentence-level measures such as relative ranking or adequacy scales. However, these provide no insight into possible errors, and do not scale well with sentence length. We argue for a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-28 Alexandra Birch , Omri Abend , Ondrej Bojar , Barry Haddow

Semantic communication, as a revolutionary communication architecture, is considered a promising novel communication paradigm. Unlike traditional symbol-based error-free communication systems, semantic-based visual communication systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Senran Fan , Zhicheng Bao , Chen Dong , Haotai Liang , Xiaodong Xu , Ping Zhang

Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in aligning generated text with user intentions across various tasks. When it comes to long-form text generation, there has been a growing interest in generation from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yinhong Liu , Yixuan Su , Ehsan Shareghi , Nigel Collier

One of the goals of automatic evaluation metrics in grammatical error correction (GEC) is to rank GEC systems such that it matches human preferences. However, current automatic evaluations are based on procedures that diverge from human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Takumi Goto , Yusuke Sakai , Taro Watanabe

Consumer research costs companies billions annually yet suffers from panel biases and limited scale. Large language models (LLMs) offer an alternative by simulating synthetic consumers, but produce unrealistic response distributions when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Benjamin F. Maier , Ulf Aslak , Luca Fiaschi , Nina Rismal , Kemble Fletcher , Christian C. Luhmann , Robbie Dow , Kli Pappas , Thomas V. Wiecki

Traditional evaluation metrics like BLEU and ROUGE fall short when capturing the nuanced qualities of generated text, particularly when there is no single ground truth. In this paper, we explore the potential of Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Manav Chaudhary , Harshit Gupta , Savita Bhat , Vasudeva Varma