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Enumerating characteristic substrings (e.g., maximal repeats, minimal unique substrings, and minimal absent words) in a given string has been an important research topic because there are a wide variety of applications in various areas such…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Takaaki Nishimoto , Yasuo Tabei

Indexing of very large collections of strings such as those produced by the widespread sequencing technologies, heavily relies on multi-string generalizations of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), and for this problem various in-memory…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-07-29 Paola Bonizzoni , Gianluca Della Vedova , Serena Nicosia , Marco Previtali , Raffaella Rizzi

In this paper, we show that the LZ77 factorization of a text T {\in\Sigma^n} can be computed in O(R log n) bits of working space and O(n log R) time, R being the number of runs in the Burrows-Wheeler transform of T reversed. For extremely…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-10-22 Nicola Prezza , Alberto Policriti

Parameterized strings are a generalization of strings in that their characters are drawn from two different alphabets, where one is considered to be the alphabet of static characters and the other to be the alphabet of parameter characters.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Daiki Hashimoto , Diptarama Hendrian , Dominik Köppl , Ryo Yoshinaka , Ayumi Shinohara

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) is a reversible string transformation which plays a central role in text compression and is fundamental in many modern bioinformatics applications. The BWT is a permutation of the characters, which is in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Sara Giuliani , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Francesco Masillo , Romeo Rizzi

We study how the application of injective morphisms affects the number $r$ of equal-letter runs in the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT). This parameter has emerged as a key repetitiveness measure in compressed indexing. We focus on the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Gabriele Fici , Giuseppe Romana , Marinella Sciortino , Cristian Urbina

The Positional Burrows--Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is a data structure designed for efficiently representing and querying large collections of sequences, such as haplotype panels in genomics. Forward and backward stepping operations --…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Paola Bonizzoni , Davide Cozzi , Younan Gao

Indexing very large collections of strings, such as those produced by the widespread next generation sequencing technologies, heavily relies on multistring generalization of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT): large requirements of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Paola Bonizzoni , Gianluca Della Vedova , Yuri Pirola , Marco Previtali , Raffaella Rizzi

The run-length compressed Burrows-Wheeler transform (RLBWT) used in conjunction with the backward search introduced in the FM index is the centerpiece of most compressed indexes working on highly-repetitive data sets like biological…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Jin Jie Deng , Wing-Kai Hon , Dominik Köppl , Kunihiko Sadakane

Let $T [1..n]$ be a text over an alphabet of size $\sigma \in \mathrm{polylog} (n)$, let $r^*$ be the sum of the numbers of runs in the Burrows-Wheeler Transforms of $T$ and its reverse, and let $z$ be the number of phrases in the LZ77…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Travis Gagie

Nishimoto and Tabei [CPM, 2021] proposed r-enum, an algorithm to enumerate various characteristic substrings, including maximal repeats, in a string $T$ of length $n$ in $O(r)$ words of compressed working space, where $r \le n$ is the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kotaro Kimura , Tomohiro I

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) serves as the basis for many important sequence indexes. On very large datasets (e.g. genomic databases), classical BWT construction algorithms are often infeasible because they usually need to have the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jannik Olbrich

The positional Burrows-Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is commonly used to store haplotype panels compactly in such a way that, given a query haplotype, we can quickly find the set maximal exact matches (SMEMs) between the query and the haplotypes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Travis Gagie

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an important technique both in data compression and in the design of compact indexing data structures. It has been generalized from single strings to collections of strings and some classes of labeled…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Jarno Alanko , Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Louisa Seelbach Benkner

Sublinear time quantum algorithms have been established for many fundamental problems on strings. This work demonstrates that new, faster quantum algorithms can be designed when the string is highly compressible. We focus on two popular and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Daniel Gibney , Sharma V. Thankachan

This paper provides an upper bound for several subsets of maximal repeats and maximal pairs in compressed strings and also presents a formerly unknown relationship between maximal pairs and the run-length Burrows-Wheeler transform. This…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Julian Pape-Lange

In this paper we show how to use one or more assembled or partially assembled genome as the basis for a compressed full-text index of its readset. Specifically, we build a labelled tree by taking the assembled genome as a trunk and grafting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Travis Gagie , Garance Gourdel , Giovanni Manzini

The Extended Burrows Wheeler transform (EBWT) helps to find the distance between two sequences. Implementation of an existing algorithm takes considerable amount of time for small size sequences. In this paper, we give a parallel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2011-02-02 Shashank Srikant

Compressed suffix arrays (CSAs) index large repetitive collections and are key in many text applications. The r-index and its derivatives combine the run-length Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) with suffix array sampling to achieve space…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Diego Díaz-Domínguez , Veli Mäkinen

Indexing highly repetitive texts - such as genomic databases, software repositories and versioned text collections - has become an important problem since the turn of the millennium. A relevant compressibility measure for repetitive texts…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Nicola Prezza