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We present in this paper novel accelerated fully first-order methods in \emph{Bilevel Optimization} (BLO). Firstly, for BLO under the assumption that the lower-level functions admit the typical strong convexity assumption, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-10 Chris Junchi Li

In recent years, bilevel approaches have become very popular to efficiently estimate high-dimensional hyperparameters of machine learning models. However, to date, binary parameters are handled by continuous relaxation and rounding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Sara Venturini , Marianna de Santis , Jordan Patracone , Francesco Rinaldi , Saverio Salzo , Martin Schmidt

Many problems in machine learning involve bilevel optimization (BLO), including hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, and dataset distillation. Bilevel problems consist of two nested sub-problems, called the outer and inner problems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Paul Vicol , Jonathan Lorraine , Fabian Pedregosa , David Duvenaud , Roger Grosse

Transforming into an exact penalty function model with convex compact constraints yields efficient infeasible approaches for optimization problems with orthogonality constraints. For smooth and $\ell_{2,1}$-norm regularized cases, these…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-06 Nachuan Xiao , Xin Liu , Ya-xiang Yuan

In this work, we consider a constrained convex problem with linear inequalities and provide an inexact penalty re-formulation of the problem. The novelty is in the choice of the penalty functions, which are smooth and can induce a non-zero…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-04 Tatiana Tatarenko , Angelia Nedich

In recent years, a variety of gradient-based first-order methods have been developed to solve bi-level optimization problems for learning applications. However, theoretical guarantees of these existing approaches heavily rely on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Risheng Liu , Pan Mu , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Bilevel optimization (BLO) is a popular approach with many applications including hyperparameter optimization, neural architecture search, adversarial robustness and model-agnostic meta-learning. However, the approach suffers from time and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Valerii Likhosherstov , Xingyou Song , Krzysztof Choromanski , Jared Davis , Adrian Weller

Gradient-based Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) methods have been widely applied to handle modern learning tasks. However, most existing strategies are theoretically designed based on restrictive assumptions (e.g., convexity of the lower-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Risheng Liu , Xuan Liu , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang , Yixuan Zhang

Bilevel optimization has recently regained interest owing to its applications in emerging machine learning fields such as hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, and reinforcement learning. Recent results have shown that simple…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-09 Quan Xiao , Songtao Lu , Tianyi Chen

We present PFNN, a penalty-free neural network method, to efficiently solve a class of second-order boundary-value problems on complex geometries. To reduce the smoothness requirement, the original problem is reformulated to a weak form so…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-02-03 Hailong Sheng , Chao Yang

In this paper, we focus on the nonconvex-nonconvex bilevel optimization problem (BLO), where both upper-level and lower-level objectives are nonconvex, with the upper-level problem potentially being nonsmooth. We develop a two-timescale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

In this paper, we focus on the nonconvex-strongly-convex bilevel optimization problem (BLO). In this BLO, the objective function of the upper-level problem is nonconvex and possibly nonsmooth, and the lower-level problem is smooth and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-26 Xiaoyin Hu , Nachuan Xiao , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

In this paper, we focus on simple bilevel optimization problems, where we minimize a convex smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex smooth constrained optimization problem. We present a novel bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-03 Jincheng Cao , Ruichen Jiang , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Aryan Mokhtari

We consider a class of constrained optimization problems with a possibly nonconvex non-Lipschitz objective and a convex feasible set being the intersection of a polyhedron and a possibly degenerate ellipsoid. Such problems have a wide range…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-08 Xiaojun Chen , Zhaosong Lu , Ting Kei Pong

This paper investigates a class of stochastic bilevel optimization problems where the upper-level function is nonconvex with potentially unbounded smoothness and the lower-level problem is strongly convex. These problems have significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

In this work we are interested in the construction of numerical methods for high dimensional constrained nonlinear optimization problems by particle-based gradient-free techniques. A consensus-based optimization (CBO) approach combined with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-23 Giacomo Borghi , Michael Herty , Lorenzo Pareschi

Gradient methods have become mainstream techniques for Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) in learning fields. The validity of existing works heavily rely on either a restrictive Lower-Level Strong Convexity (LLSC) condition or on solving a series…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-03 Risheng Liu , Yaohua Liu , Wei Yao , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Recently, bi-level optimization (BLO) has taken center stage in some very exciting developments in the area of signal processing (SP) and machine learning (ML). Roughly speaking, BLO is a classical optimization problem that involves two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Yihua Zhang , Prashant Khanduri , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Yuguang Yao , Mingyi Hong , Sijia Liu

Constrained bilevel optimization tackles nested structures present in constrained learning tasks like constrained meta-learning, adversarial learning, and distributed bilevel optimization. However, existing bilevel optimization methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-05 Wei Yao , Haian Yin , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Many real-world problems, such as those with fairness constraints, involve complex expectation constraints and large datasets, necessitating the design of efficient stochastic methods to solve them. Most existing research focuses on cases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Wei Liu , Yangyang Xu