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As context windows in LLMs scale to 100K+ tokens, the key-value (KV) cache becomes the dominant memory bottleneck, with recent methods claiming 80-90% savings and minimal benchmark degradation. We argue these evaluations miss a structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Samhruth Ananthanarayanan , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Serving large language models (LLMs) at scale necessitates efficient key-value (KV) cache management. KV caches can be reused across conversation turns via shared-prefix prompts that are common in iterative code editing and chat. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Konrad Staniszewski , Adrian Łańcucki

Existing key-value (KV) cache compression methods typically rely on heuristics, such as uniform cache allocation across layers or static eviction policies, however, they ignore the critical interplays among layer-specific feature patterns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Bohan Yu , Yekun Chai

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, Key-Value (KV) caches (KV-caches) are essential for reducing time complexity. However, they result in a linear increase in GPU memory as the context length grows. While recent work explores KV-cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ahmed Burak Gulhan , Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Murali Emani , Mahmut Kandemir , Venkatram Vishwanath

Long-context Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demand substantial computational resources for inference as the growth of their multimodal Key-Value (KV) cache, in response to increasing input lengths, challenges memory and time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Zhongwei Wan , Ziang Wu , Che Liu , Jinfa Huang , Zhihong Zhu , Peng Jin , Longyue Wang , Li Yuan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse applications. However, their computational overhead during deployment remains a critical bottleneck. While Key-Value (KV) caching effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Insu Han , Zeliang Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Yifan Zhu , Susan Liang , Jiani Liu , Haiting Lin , Mingjie Zhao , Chenliang Xu , Kun Wan , Wentian Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit pronounced memory-bound characteristics during inference due to High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) bandwidth constraints. In this paper, we propose an L2 Cache-oriented asynchronous KV Cache prefetching method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yanhao Dong , Yubo Miao , Weinan Li , Xiao Zheng , Chao Wang , Jiesheng Wu , Feng Lyu

The linear growth of key-value (KV) cache memory and quadratic computational in attention mechanisms complexity pose significant bottlenecks for large language models (LLMs) in long-context processing. While existing KV cache optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Xin Liu , Xudong Wang , Pei Liu , Guoming Tang

The size of the key-value (KV) cache plays a critical role in determining both the maximum context length and the number of concurrent requests supported during inference in modern language models. The KV cache size grows proportionally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Shashank Rajput , Ying Sheng , Sean Owen , Vitaliy Chiley

While Key-Value (KV) cache succeeds in reducing redundant computations in auto-regressive models, it introduces significant memory overhead, limiting its practical deployment in long-sequence scenarios. Existing KV retrieval methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenbo Wu , Qingyi Si , Xiurui Pan , Ye Wang , Jie Zhang

The quadratic computational complexity of the standard attention mechanism constitutes a fundamental bottleneck for large language models in long-context inference. While existing KV cache compression methods alleviate memory pressure, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jinyu Guo , Zhihan Zhang , Jiehui Xie , Md. Tamim Iqbal , Dongshen Han , Lik-Hang Lee , Sung-Ho Bae , Jie Zou , Yang Yang , Chaoning Zhang

Inference for Large Language Models (LLMs) is computationally demanding. To reduce the cost of auto-regressive decoding, Key-Value (KV) cache is used to store intermediate activations, which significantly lowers the computational overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chaoyi Jiang , Lei Gao , Hossein Entezari Zarch , Murali Annavaram

Key-value~(KV) caching is an important technique to accelerate the inference of large language models~(LLMs), but incurs significant memory overhead. To compress the size of KV cache, existing methods often compromise precision or require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Peiyu Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yipeng Ma , Tao Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Model (LLM) serving is increasingly constrained by the growing size of the key-value (KV) cache, which scales with both context length and generation length. Prior work shows that attention is dominated by a small subset of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nazmul Takbir , Hamidreza Alikhani , Nikil Dutt , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

Efficient KV cache management in LLMs is crucial for long-context tasks like RAG and summarization. Existing KV cache compression methods enforce a fixed pattern, neglecting task-specific characteristics and reducing the retention of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiabin Zhou , Wenbin Wang , Minyan Zeng , Jiaxian Guo , Xuebo Liu , Li Shen , Min Zhang , Liang Ding

Recent advancements in Audio-Video Large Language Models (AV-LLMs) have enhanced their capabilities in tasks like audio-visual question answering and multimodal dialog systems. Video and audio introduce an extended temporal dimension,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zhonghua Jiang , Kui Chen , Kunxi Li , Keting Yin , Yiyun Zhou , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang

KV cache has become a de facto technique for the inference of large language models (LLMs), where tensors of shape (layer number, head number, sequence length, feature dimension) are introduced to cache historical information for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Bokai Lin , Zihao Zeng , Zipeng Xiao , Siqi Kou , Tianqi Hou , Xiaofeng Gao , Hao Zhang , Zhijie Deng

Key-value (KV) caching has emerged as a crucial optimization technique for accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs). By allowing the attention operation to scale linearly rather than quadratically with the total sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Gopi Krishna Jha , Sameh Gobriel , Liubov Talamanova , Nilesh Jain

Supporting long-context LLMs is challenging due to the substantial memory demands of the key-value (KV) cache. Existing offloading systems store the full cache in host memory and selectively fetch critical entries during decoding, but this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jian Lin , Jiazhi Mi , Zicong Hong , Haodong Wang , Qianli Liu , Haodyue Zhang , Peng Li , Song Guo

Recently, sharing key-value (KV) cache across layers has been found effective in efficient inference of large language models (LLMs). To systematically investigate different techniques of cross-layer KV sharing, we propose a unified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 You Wu , Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu
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