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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance in programming tasks, LLM-driven coding systems have evolved from one-shot code generation into complex systems capable of iterative improvement during inference. However, existing code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Wentao Zhang , Jianfeng Wang , Liheng Liang , Yilei Zhao , HaiBin Wen , Zhe Zhao

Statefulness is essential for large language model (LLM) agents to perform long-term planning and problem-solving. This makes memory a critical component, yet its management and evolution remain largely underexplored. Existing evaluations…

Open-source multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown significant potential in a broad range of multimodal tasks. However, their reasoning capabilities remain constrained by existing instruction-tuning datasets, which were…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jarvis Guo , Tuney Zheng , Yuelin Bai , Bo Li , Yubo Wang , King Zhu , Yizhi Li , Graham Neubig , Wenhu Chen , Xiang Yue

Scientific idea generation is a cornerstone of autonomous knowledge discovery, yet the iterative evolution required to transform initial concepts into high-quality research proposals remains a formidable challenge for Large Language Models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Andreas Sauter , Yuyue Zhao , Jacopo Urbani , Wenxiang Hu , Zaiqiao Meng , Lun Zhou , Xiaohui Yan , Yougang Lyu

While reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is effective to improve the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), its reliance on human-annotated labels leads to the scaling up dilemma, especially for complex tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zizhuo Zhang , Jianing Zhu , Xinmu Ge , Zihua Zhao , Zhanke Zhou , Xuan Li , Xiao Feng , Jiangchao Yao , Bo Han

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but often struggle with complex, multi-step mathematical reasoning, where minor errors in visual perception or logical deduction can lead to complete failure.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jianghangfan Zhang , Yibo Yan , Kening Zheng , Xin Zou , Song Dai , Xuming Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate enhanced capabilities and reliability by reasoning more, evolving from Chain-of-Thought prompting to product-level solutions like OpenAI o1. Despite various efforts to improve LLM reasoning,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Yuhao Dong , Zuyan Liu , Hai-Long Sun , Jingkang Yang , Winston Hu , Yongming Rao , Ziwei Liu

Reinforcement learning has recently improved the reasoning ability of Large Language Models and Multimodal LLMs, yet prevailing reward designs emphasise final-answer correctness and consequently tolerate process hallucinations--cases where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yantao Li , Qiang Hui , Chenyang Yan , Kanzhi Cheng , Fang Zhao , Chao Tan , Huanling Gao , Jianbing Zhang , Kai Wang , Xinyu Dai , Shiguo Lian

Self-evolving has emerged as a key paradigm for improving foundational models such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) with minimal human intervention. While recent approaches have demonstrated that LLM agents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zongxia Li , Hongyang Du , Chengsong Huang , Xiyang Wu , Lantao Yu , Yicheng He , Jing Xie , Xiaomin Wu , Zhichao Liu , Jiarui Zhang , Fuxiao Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains, including programming, planning, and decision-making. However, their performance often degrades when faced with highly complex problem instances…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yang Cheng , Zilai Wang , Weiyu Ma , Wenhui Zhu , Yue Deng , Jian Zhao

Vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved strong multimodal reasoning capabilities, but further improving them still relies heavily on large-scale human-constructed supervision for post-training. Such supervision is costly to obtain,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Chaoran Xu , Yingmao Miao , Pengfei Zhang , Hao Dou , Lei Sun , Xiangxiang Chu

Recent studies have revealed the potential of training open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) to unleash LLMs' reasoning ability for enhancing vision-language navigation (VLN) performance, and simultaneously mitigate the domain gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Bingqian Lin , Yunshuang Nie , Khun Loun Zai , Ziming Wei , Mingfei Han , Rongtao Xu , Minzhe Niu , Jianhua Han , Hanwang Zhang , Liang Lin , Bokui Chen , Cewu Lu , Xiaodan Liang

Designing effective reward functions is crucial to training reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. However, this design is non-trivial, even for domain experts, due to the subjective nature of certain tasks that are hard to quantify…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Rishi Hazra , Alkis Sygkounas , Andreas Persson , Amy Loutfi , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires

Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a principled framework for improving Vision-Language Models (VLMs) on complex reasoning tasks. However, existing RL approaches often rely on human-annotated labels or task-specific heuristics to define…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Yicheng He , Chengsong Huang , Zongxia Li , Jiaxin Huang , Yonghui Yang

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable visual understanding performance on both vision-language and vision-centric tasks. However, they often fall short in integrating advanced, task-specific capabilities for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yufei Zhan , Hongyin Zhao , Yousong Zhu , Shurong Zheng , Fan Yang , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Reasoning lies at the heart of intelligence, shaping the ability to make decisions, draw conclusions, and generalize across domains. In artificial intelligence, as systems increasingly operate in open, uncertain, and multimodal…

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to significantly enhance human productivity by reasoning, using tools, and executing complex tasks in diverse environments. However, current approaches to…

The evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning is bottlenecked by the scarcity of high-quality process data. While self-alignment via endogenous rewards offers a solution, mining valid supervision faces three challenges: (1) Label…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yanyu Chen , Jiyue Jiang , Dianzhi Yu , Zheng Wu , Jiahong Liu , Jiaming Han , Xiao Guo , Jinhu Qi , Yu Li , Yifei Zhang , Irwin King

The application of reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) constitutes a rapidly advancing research area. While MLLMs extend Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Guanghao Zhou , Panjia Qiu , Cen Chen , Jie Wang , Zheming Yang , Jian Xu , Minghui Qiu