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We propose a transformation capable of altering the tail properties of a distribution, motivated by extreme value theory, which can be used as a layer in a normalizing flow to approximate multivariate heavy tailed distributions. We apply…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-02 Tennessee Hickling , Dennis Prangle

I report a new statistical distribution formulated to confront the infamous, long-standing, computational/modeling challenge presented by highly skewed and/or leptokurtic ("fat- or heavy-tailed") data. The distribution is straightforward,…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2011-11-01 Lawrence R. Thorne

Accurate forecasting of volatility and return quantiles is essential for evaluating financial tail risks such as value-at-risk and expected shortfall. This study proposes an extension of the traditional stochastic volatility model, termed…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-02 Makoto Takahashi , Yuta Yamauchi , Toshiaki Watanabe , Yasuhiro Omori

This note presents an operational measure of fat-tailedness for univariate probability distributions, in $[0,1]$ where 0 is maximally thin-tailed (Gaussian) and 1 is maximally fat-tailed. Among others,1) it helps assess the sample size…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-30 Nassim Nicholas Taleb

Understanding the shape of a distribution of data is of interest to people in a great variety of fields, as it may affect the types of algorithms used for that data. We study one such problem in the framework of distribution property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Maryam Aliakbarpour , Amartya Shankha Biswas , Kavya Ravichandran , Ronitt Rubinfeld

We present sharp tail asymptotics for the density and the distribution function of linear combinations of correlated log-normal random variables, that is, exponentials of components of a correlated Gaussian vector. The asymptotic behavior…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-01-07 Archil Gulisashvili , Peter Tankov

We propose a multivariate generative model to capture the complex dependence structure often encountered in business and financial data. Our model features heterogeneous and asymmetric tail dependence between all pairs of individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Xiangqian Sun , Xing Yan , Qi Wu

We consider the evolution of scale-free networks according to preferential attachment schemes and show the conditions for which the exponent characterizing the degree distribution is bounded by upper and lower values. Our framework is an…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2013-01-07 João P. da Cruz , Pedro G. Lind

The presence of non-Gaussian tails is a prevalent characteristic in many financial modeling scenarios, necessitating the use of complex non-Gaussian distributions such as the generalized beta of the second kind (GB2) and the skewed…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-10 Xing Yan , Yue Zhao , Qi Wu , Wenxuan Ma

Impact assessment of natural hazards requires the consideration of both extreme and non-extreme events. Extensive research has been conducted on the joint modeling of bulk and tail in univariate settings; however, the corresponding body of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Chenglei Hu , Ben Swallow , Daniela Castro-Camilo

Markov switching models are often used to analyze financial returns because of their ability to capture frequently observed stylized facts. In this paper we consider a multivariate Student-t version of the model as a viable alternative to…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-03-04 Mauro Bernardi , Antonello Maruotti , Lea Petrella

Animal behavior is shaped by a myriad of mechanisms acting on a wide range of scales, which hampers quantitative reasoning and the identification of general principles. Here, we combine data analysis and theory to investigate the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-04-25 Antonio Carlos Costa , Gautam Sridhar , Claire Wyart , Massimo Vergassola

In this paper, we examine two problems on applied probability, which are directly connected with the dependence in presence of heavy tails. The first problem, is related to max-sum equivalence of the randomly weighted sums in bi-variate set…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Dimitrios G. Konstantinides , Charalampos D. Passalidis

We propose and analyze a new estimator of the covariance matrix that admits strong theoretical guarantees under weak assumptions on the underlying distribution, such as existence of moments of only low order. While estimation of covariance…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Stanislav Minsker , Xiaohan Wei

In this paper we discuss the problem of the estimation of extreme event occurrence probability for data drawn from some multifractal process. We also study the heavy (power-law) tail behavior of probability density function associated with…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jean-Francois Muzy , Emmanuel Bacry , Alexey Kozhemyak

Long-tailed classification poses a challenge due to its heavy imbalance in class probabilities and tail-sensitivity risks with asymmetric misprediction costs. Recent attempts have used re-balancing loss and ensemble methods, but they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Bolian Li , Ruqi Zhang

For measuring tail risk with scarce extreme events, extreme value analysis is often invoked as the statistical tool to extrapolate to the tail of a distribution. The presence of large datasets benefits tail risk analysis by providing more…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-18 Liujun Chen , Deyuan Li , Chen Zhou

We study the asymptotic behaviour of widely used tests for evaluating and comparing predictive accuracy when forecast errors exhibit heavy tails. In particular, when loss differentials have infinite variance, the Diebold-Mariano test…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-20 Jonas F. Frederiksen , Muneya Matsui , Rasmus S. Pedersen

Extreme values and the tail behavior of probability distributions are essential for quantifying and mitigating risk in complex systems of all kinds. In multivariate settings, accounting for correlations is crucial. Although extreme value…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-06 Benjamin Köhler , Anton J. Heckens , Thomas Guhr

In this paper, we compute multivariate tail risk probabilities where the marginal risks are heavy-tailed and the dependence structure is a Gaussian copula. The marginal heavy-tailed risks are modeled using regular variation which leads to a…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-04-12 Bikramjit Das , Vicky Fasen-Hartmann