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High-quality data annotation requirements are crucial for the development of safe and reliable AI-enabled perception systems (AIePS) in autonomous driving. Although these requirements play a vital role in reducing bias and enhancing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hina Saeeda , Mazen Mohamad , Eric Knauss , Jennifer Horkoff , Ali Nouri

Software that contains machine learning algorithms is an integral part of automotive perception, for example, in driving automation systems. The development of such software, specifically the training and validation of the machine learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Hans-Martin Heyn , Khan Mohammad Habibullah , Eric Knauss , Jennifer Horkoff , Markus Borg , Alessia Knauss , Polly Jing Li

Annotated data is an essential ingredient in natural language processing for training and evaluating machine learning models. It is therefore very desirable for the annotations to be of high quality. Recent work, however, has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Jan-Christoph Klie , Bonnie Webber , Iryna Gurevych

This paper addresses the often overlooked issue of fairness in the autonomous driving domain, particularly in vision-based perception and prediction systems, which play a pivotal role in the overall functioning of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 David Fernández Llorca , Pedro Frau , Ignacio Parra , Rubén Izquierdo , Emilia Gómez

Auto-annotation by ensemble of models is an efficient method of learning on unlabeled data. Wrong or inaccurate annotations generated by the ensemble may lead to performance degradation of the trained model. To deal with this problem we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Dror Simon , Miriam Farber , Roman Goldenberg

Autonomous driving has rapidly developed and shown promising performance due to recent advances in hardware and deep learning techniques. High-quality datasets are fundamental for developing reliable autonomous driving algorithms. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Mingyu Liu , Ekim Yurtsever , Jonathan Fossaert , Xingcheng Zhou , Walter Zimmer , Yuning Cui , Bare Luka Zagar , Alois C. Knoll

Data quality is crucial for training accurate, unbiased, and trustworthy machine learning models as well as for their correct evaluation. Recent works, however, have shown that even popular datasets used to train and evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jan-Christoph Klie , Richard Eckart de Castilho , Iryna Gurevych

Many machine learning systems today are trained on large amounts of human-annotated data. Data annotation tasks that require a high level of competency make data acquisition expensive, while the resulting labels are often subjective,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Emmanouil Antonios Platanios , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Eric Xing , Tom Mitchell

In the era of big data, ensuring the quality of datasets has become increasingly crucial across various domains. We propose a comprehensive framework designed to automatically assess and rectify data quality issues in any given dataset,…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Djibril Sarr

The monitoring of the route and track environment plays an important role in automated driving. For example, it can be used as an assistance system for route monitoring in automation level Grade of Automation (GoA) 2, where the train driver…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Niklas Freund , Zekiye Ilknur-Öz , Tobias Klockau , Patrick Naumann , Philipp Neumaier , Martin Köppel

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) applications require large quantities of training and test data. This need creates critical challenges not only concerning the availability of such data, but also regarding its quality. For example,…

Instruction tuning has become an integral part of training pipelines for Large Language Models (LLMs) and has been shown to yield strong performance gains. In an orthogonal line of research, Annotation Error Detection (AED) has emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Leon Weber-Genzel , Robert Litschko , Ekaterina Artemova , Barbara Plank

Accurate ground truth annotations are critical to supervised learning and evaluating the performance of autonomous vehicle systems. These vehicles are typically equipped with active sensors, such as LiDAR, which scan the environment in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Alexandre Justo Miro , Ludvig af Klinteberg , Bogdan Timus , Aron Asefaw , Ajinkya Khoche , Thomas Gustafsson , Sina Sharif Mansouri , Masoud Daneshtalab

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems rely heavily on human-annotated data for training and evaluation. A major challenge in this context is the occurrence of annotation errors, as their effects can degrade model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Heinrich Peters , Alireza Hashemi , James Rae

Data errors are widespread in real-world databases and severely impact downstream applications, such as machine learning pipelines or business analytics reports. Causes of such errors are manifold and can arise during both the design phase…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Divya Bhadauria , Hazar Harmouch , Felix Naumann , Divesh Srivastava , Lisa Ehrlinger

Annotated datasets are an essential ingredient to train, evaluate, compare and productionalize supervised machine learning models. It is therefore imperative that annotations are of high quality. For their creation, good quality management…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Jan-Christoph Klie , Juan Haladjian , Marc Kirchner , Rahul Nair

With the rise of AI-enabled cyber-physical systems, data annotation has become a critical yet often overlooked process in the development of these intelligent information systems. Existing work in requirements engineering (RE) has explored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yi Peng , Hina Saeeda , Hans-Martin Heyn , Jennifer Horkoff , Eric Knauss , Fredrick Warg

High-quality data is necessary for modern machine learning. However, the acquisition of such data is difficult due to noisy and ambiguous annotations of humans. The aggregation of such annotations to determine the label of an image leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Lars Schmarje , Vasco Grossmann , Claudius Zelenka , Sabine Dippel , Rainer Kiko , Mariusz Oszust , Matti Pastell , Jenny Stracke , Anna Valros , Nina Volkmann , Reinhard Koch

This position paper argues that the machine learning community should prioritize early-stage quality assurance in annotation pipelines over the prevailing practice of late-stage validation. Data quality bottlenecks increasingly limit…

AI-powered language learning tools increasingly provide instant, personalised feedback to millions of learners worldwide. However, this feedback can fail in ways that are difficult for learners--and even teachers--to detect, potentially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Ben Knight , Wm. Matthew Kennedy , Danielle Carvalho , Isaac Pattis , James Edgell
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