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Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive promise in code generation, yet their progress remains limited by the shortage of large-scale datasets that are both diverse and well-aligned with human reasoning. Most existing resources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amal Abed , Ivan Lukic , Jörg K. H. Franke , Frank Hutter

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

Code completion entails the task of providing missing tokens given a surrounding context. It can boost developer productivity while providing a powerful code discovery tool. Following the Large Language Model (LLM) wave, code completion has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zoe Kotti , Konstantina Dritsa , Diomidis Spinellis , Panos Louridas

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that gained popularity for enabling the transformation of cryptocurrency among peers without mediation by a centralized third-party authority. Smart contracts expand the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Majd Soud , Gísli Hjálmtýsson , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Smart contract-based automation of financial derivatives offers substantial efficiency gains, but its real-world adoption is constrained by the complexity of translating financial specifications into gas-efficient executable code. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Maruf Ahmed Mridul , Oshani Seneviratne

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for high-stakes decision-making, yet existing approaches struggle to reconcile scalability, interpretability, and reproducibility. Black-box models obscure their reasoning, while recent…

Formal specifications, such as pre- and post-conditions provide a solid basis for performing thorough program verification. However, developers rarely provide such formal specifications, hence if AI could help in constructing them, it would…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 I. S. W. B. Prasetya , Fitsum Kifetew , Davide Prandi

Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Code LLMs, have demonstrated impressive performance in code generation. Current research primarily focuses on the correctness of generated code, while efficiency remains less explored. Recent works…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Tong Ye , Weigang Huang , Xuhong Zhang , Tengfei Ma , Peiyu Liu , Jianwei Yin , Wenhai Wang

Smart contracts are a key component of the Web 3.0 ecosystem, widely applied in blockchain services and decentralized applications. However, the automated execution feature of smart contracts makes them vulnerable to potential attacks due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yanli Jin , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu , Xianxian Li , Chen Liu , Wangjie Qiu

Solidity is an object-oriented and high-level language for writing smart contracts that are used to execute, verify and enforce credible transactions on permissionless blockchains. In the last few years, analysis of smart contracts has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Chao Peng , Sefa Akca , Ajitha Rajan

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enhanced software development processes, minimizing the time and effort required for coding and enhancing developer productivity. However, despite their potential benefits, code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Swaroop Dora , Deven Lunkad , Naziya Aslam , S. Venkatesan , Sandeep Kumar Shukla

Assisting LLMs with code generation improved their performance on mathematical reasoning tasks. However, the evaluation of code-assisted LLMs is generally restricted to execution correctness, lacking a rigorous evaluation of their generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Zena Al-Khalili , Nick Howell , Dietrich Klakow

$ $Large Language Models (LLMs) are being increasingly utilized in various applications, with code generations being a notable example. While previous research has shown that LLMs have the capability to generate both secure and insecure…

In the past few years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in usefulness and popularity for code generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with accuracy and are unsuitable for high-risk applications without additional oversight…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-29 William Murphy , Nikolaus Holzer , Feitong Qiao , Leyi Cui , Raven Rothkopf , Nathan Koenig , Mark Santolucito

Smart contracts on a blockchain behave precisely as specified by their code. A vulnerability in this code can lead to unexpected behaviour, which is hard to fix because a blockchain does not allow to change smart contract code after its…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Markus Knecht

Smart contract vulnerabilities have caused billions in financial losses, raising questions about whether programming language paradigms can reduce security overhead. While imperative languages like Solidity require developers to manually…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Matteo Vaccargiu , Andrea Pinna , Maria Ilaria Lunesu , Giuseppe Destefanis

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Yuqing Zhang , Xin Wang

In recent years, large language models have been widely integrated into software engineering workflows, supporting tasks like code generation. While prior evaluations focus on functional correctness, there is still a limited understanding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xin Sun , Daniel Ståhl , Kristian Sandahl , Christoph Kessler

Recent secure code generation methods, using vulnerability-aware fine-tuning, prefix-tuning, and prompt optimization, claim to prevent LLMs from producing insecure code. However, their robustness under adversarial conditions remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Melissa Tessa , Iyiola E. Olatunji , Aicha War , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities for code generation. While existing benchmarks evaluate the correctness and efficiency of LLM-generated code, the potential linguistic bias - where code quality varies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Weipeng Jiang , Xuanqi Gao , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Xiaoyu Zhang , Ziyan Lei , Chao Shen
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