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Vector embeddings from pre-trained language models form a core component in Neural Information Retrieval systems across a multitude of knowledge extraction tasks. The paradigm of late interaction, introduced in ColBERT, demonstrates high…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Raj Nath Patel , Sourav Dutta

Recent progress in neural information retrieval has demonstrated large gains in effectiveness, while often sacrificing the efficiency and interpretability of the neural model compared to classical approaches. This paper proposes ColBERTer,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Sebastian Hofstätter , Omar Khattab , Sophia Althammer , Mete Sertkan , Allan Hanbury

Recent progress in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is driving fast-paced advances in Information Retrieval (IR), largely owed to fine-tuning deep language models (LMs) for document ranking. While remarkably effective, the ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Omar Khattab , Matei Zaharia

Multi-vector representations generated by late interaction models, such as ColBERT, enable superior retrieval quality compared to single-vector representations in information retrieval applications. In multi-vector retrieval systems, both…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Elias Jääsaari , Ville Hyvönen , Teemu Roos

This paper introduces Sparsified Late Interaction for Multi-vector (SLIM) retrieval with inverted indexes. Multi-vector retrieval methods have demonstrated their effectiveness on various retrieval datasets, and among them, ColBERT is the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Minghan Li , Sheng-Chieh Lin , Xueguang Ma , Jimmy Lin

The ColBERT model has recently been proposed as an effective BERT based ranker. By adopting a late interaction mechanism, a major advantage of ColBERT is that document representations can be precomputed in advance. However, the big downside…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Carlos Lassance , Maroua Maachou , Joohee Park , Stéphane Clinchant

Neural information retrieval (IR) has greatly advanced search and other knowledge-intensive language tasks. While many neural IR methods encode queries and documents into single-vector representations, late interaction models produce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Keshav Santhanam , Omar Khattab , Jon Saad-Falcon , Christopher Potts , Matei Zaharia

Multi-vector retrieval models such as ColBERT [Khattab and Zaharia, 2020] allow token-level interactions between queries and documents, and hence achieve state of the art on many information retrieval benchmarks. However, their non-linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Jinhyuk Lee , Zhuyun Dai , Sai Meher Karthik Duddu , Tao Lei , Iftekhar Naim , Ming-Wei Chang , Vincent Y. Zhao

With the development of pre-trained language models, the dense retrieval models have become promising alternatives to the traditional retrieval models that rely on exact match and sparse bag-of-words representations. Different from most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Qi Liu , Gang Guo , Jiaxin Mao , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen , Hao Jiang , Xinyu Zhang , Zhao Cao

Late interaction neural IR models like ColBERT offer a competitive effectiveness-efficiency trade-off across many benchmarks. However, they require a huge memory space to store the contextual representation for all the document tokens. Some…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuxuan Zong , Benjamin Piwowarski

In this work, we tackle the problem of text-to-video retrieval (T2VR). Inspired by the success of late interaction techniques in text-document, text-image, and text-video retrieval, our approach, Video-ColBERT, introduces a simple and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Arun Reddy , Alexander Martin , Eugene Yang , Andrew Yates , Kate Sanders , Kenton Murray , Reno Kriz , Celso M. de Melo , Benjamin Van Durme , Rama Chellappa

Multi-vector dense models, such as ColBERT, have proven highly effective in information retrieval. ColBERT's late interaction scoring approximates the joint query-document attention seen in cross-encoders while maintaining inference…

Multi-vector retrieval methods, exemplified by the ColBERT architecture, have shown substantial promise for retrieval by providing strong trade-offs in terms of retrieval latency and effectiveness. However, they come at a high cost in terms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Sean MacAvaney , Antonio Mallia , Nicola Tonellotto

Late interaction retrieval methods, pioneered by ColBERT, have emerged as a powerful alternative to single-vector neural IR. By leveraging fine-grained, token-level representations, they have been demonstrated to deliver strong…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Benjamin Clavié , Xianming Li , Antoine Chaffin , Omar Khattab , Tom Aarsen , Manuel Faysse , Jing Li

This study addresses the challenge of improving dense retrieval performance for queries containing numerical conditions, such as ``companies with more than one billion dollars in R&D expenditure.'' Although recent research has shown that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haruki Fujimaki , Makoto P. Kato

Reliable biomedical and clinical retrieval requires more than strong ranking performance: it requires a practical way to find systematic model failures and curate the training evidence needed to correct them. Late-interaction models such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-22 François Remy

Document retrieval identifies relevant documents but does not provide fine-grained evidence cues, such as specific relevant spans. A possible solution is to apply an LLM after retrieval; however, this introduces significant computational…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Antonín Jarolím , Martin Fajčík

Efficient document retrieval heavily relies on the technique of semantic hashing, which learns a binary code for every document and employs Hamming distance to evaluate document distances. However, existing semantic hashing methods are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Zexuan Qiu , Qinliang Su , Jianxing Yu , Shijing Si

BERT-based text ranking models have dramatically advanced the state-of-the-art in ad-hoc retrieval, wherein most models tend to consider individual query-document pairs independently. In the mean time, the importance and usefulness to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Xiaoyang Chen , Kai Hui , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Zheng Ye

Late-interaction retrieval models like ColBERT achieve superior accuracy by enabling token-level interactions, but their computational cost hinders scalability and integration with Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS). We introduce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Ramnath Kumar , Prateek Jain , Cho-Jui Hsieh
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