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While large language models (LLMs) play increasingly significant roles in society, research shows they continue to generate content that reflects social bias against sensitive groups. Existing benchmarks effectively identify these biases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tian Xie , Tongxin Yin , Vaishakh Keshava , Xueru Zhang , Siddhartha Reddy Jonnalagadda

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable ability in various language tasks, especially with their emergent in-context learning capability. Extending LLMs to incorporate visual inputs, large vision-language models (LVLMs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aneesh Komanduri , Karuna Bhaila , Xintao Wu

Some argue scale is all what is needed to achieve AI, covering even causal models. We make it clear that large language models (LLMs) cannot be causal and give reason onto why sometimes we might feel otherwise. To this end, we define and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Matej Zečević , Moritz Willig , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance across a wide range of tasks, yet they still struggle with complex mathematical reasoning, a challenge fundamentally rooted in deep structural dependencies. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Lei Zan , Keli Zhang , Ruichu Cai , Lujia Pan

Numerous decision-making tasks require estimating causal effects under interventions on different parts of a system. As practitioners consider using large language models (LLMs) to automate decisions, studying their causal reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Tejas Kasetty , Divyat Mahajan , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite , Alexandre Drouin , Dhanya Sridhar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various reasoning and generation tasks. However, their proficiency in complex causal reasoning, discovery, and estimation remains an area of active development, often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Adib Bazgir , Amir Habibdoust , Yuwen Zhang , Xing Song

Causal reasoning is fundamental to human intelligence and crucial for effective decision-making in real-world environments. Despite recent advancements in large vision-language models (LVLMs), their ability to comprehend causality remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Meiqi Chen , Bo Peng , Yan Zhang , Chaochao Lu

Despite impressive performance on language modelling and complex reasoning tasks, Large Language Models (LLMs) fall short on the same tasks in uncommon settings or with distribution shifts, exhibiting a lack of generalisation ability. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Gaël Gendron , Bao Trung Nguyen , Alex Yuxuan Peng , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Causal discovery is fundamental to scientific understanding and reliable decision-making. Existing approaches face critical limitations: purely data-driven methods suffer from statistical indistinguishability and modeling assumptions, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bo Peng , Sirui Chen , Lei Xu , Chaochao Lu

In this paper, we consider the process of transforming causal domain knowledge into a representation that aligns more closely with guidelines from causal data science. To this end, we introduce two novel tasks related to distilling causal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Houssam Razouk , Leonie Benischke , Georg Niess , Roman Kern

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in tackling various tasks based on human instructions, but studies reveal that they often struggle with tasks requiring reasoning, such as math or physics. This limitation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ruoyu Wang , Xiaoxuan Li , Lina Yao

Despite remarkable advances in the field, LLMs remain unreliable in distinguishing causation from correlation. Recent results from the Corr2Cause dataset benchmark reveal that state-of-the-art LLMs -- such as GPT-4 (F1 score: 29.08) -- only…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Wentao Sun , João Paulo Nogueira , Alonso Silva

The reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) are attracting increasing attention. In this work, we focus on causal reasoning and address the task of establishing causal relationships based on correlation information, a highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Eleni Sgouritsa , Virginia Aglietti , Yee Whye Teh , Arnaud Doucet , Arthur Gretton , Silvia Chiappa

This study explores the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to evaluate causality in causal graphs generated by conventional statistical causal discovery methods-a task traditionally reliant on manual assessment by human subject…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Yuni Susanti , Nina Holsmoelle

Objective: This study investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as an alternative to human expert elicitation for extracting structured causal knowledge and facilitating causal modeling in biometric and healthcare…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Olha Shaposhnyk , Daria Zahorska , Svetlana Yanushkevich

Causal discovery (CD) and Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as transformative fields in artificial intelligence that have evolved largely independently. While CD specializes in uncovering cause-effect relationships from data, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Guangya Wan , Yunsheng Lu , Yuqi Wu , Mengxuan Hu , Sheng Li

We assess the ability of large language models (LLMs) to answer causal questions by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses against three types of causal question. We believe that current LLMs can answer causal questions with existing…

The safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes fields like biomedicine, requires them to be able to reason about cause and effect. We investigate this ability by testing 13 open-source LLMs on a fundamental task:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sydney Anuyah , Sneha Shajee-Mohan , Ankit-Singh Chauhan , Sunandan Chakraborty

As language models (LMs) deliver increasing performance on a range of NLP tasks, probing classifiers have become an indispensable technique in the effort to better understand their inner workings. A typical setup involves (1) defining an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Charles Jin , Martin Rinard

Causal reasoning is viewed as crucial for achieving human-level machine intelligence. Recent advances in language models have expanded the horizons of artificial intelligence across various domains, sparking inquiries into their potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Sirui Chen , Bo Peng , Meiqi Chen , Ruiqi Wang , Mengying Xu , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao , Shengjie Zhao , Yu Qiao , Chaochao Lu