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To classify in-distribution samples, deep neural networks explore strongly label-related information and discard weakly label-related information according to the information bottleneck. Out-of-distribution samples drawn from distributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger

Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-26 Daria Frolova , Anton Vasiliuk , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization, a cornerstone for building robust machine learning models capable of handling data diverging from the training set's distribution, is an ongoing challenge in deep learning. While significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Sergey Kolesnikov

Detecting deepfakes has become a critical challenge in Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. Despite significant progress in detection techniques, generalizing them to open-set scenarios continues to be a persistent difficulty.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Luca Maiano , Fabrizio Casadei , Irene Amerini

Graph machine learning has been extensively studied in both academia and industry. Although booming with a vast number of emerging methods and techniques, most of the literature is built on the in-distribution hypothesis, i.e., testing and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Haoyang Li , Xin Wang , Ziwei Zhang , Wenwu Zhu

Density-based Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently been shown unreliable for the task of detecting OOD images. Various density ratio based approaches achieve good empirical performance, however methods typically lack a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-09 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Tim Z. Xiao , Yitong Sun , Steven McDonagh

Distinguishing in- and out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for reliable deployment of classification systems. However, OOD data is typically unavailable or difficult to collect, posing a significant challenge for accurate OOD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Momin Abbas , Muneeza Azmat , Raya Horesh , Mikhail Yurochkin

Graph neural networks are widely used for node classification, but they remain vulnerable to out-of-distribution (OOD) shifts in node features and graph structure. Prior work established that methods trained with standard supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Danny Wang , Ruihong Qiu , Zi Huang

We study the problem of lifelong graph learning in an open-world scenario, where a model needs to deal with new tasks and potentially unknown classes. We utilize Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection methods to recognize new classes and adapt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Marcel Hoffmann , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Consider a prediction setting with few in-distribution labeled examples and many unlabeled examples both in- and out-of-distribution (OOD). The goal is to learn a model which performs well both in-distribution and OOD. In these settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Sang Michael Xie , Ananya Kumar , Robbie Jones , Fereshte Khani , Tengyu Ma , Percy Liang

High-performing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, both anomaly and novel class, is an important prerequisite for the practical use of classification models. In this paper, we focus on the species recognition task in images concerned with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 L. E. Hogeweg , R. Gangireddy , D. Brunink , V. J. Kalkman , L. Cornelissen , J. W. Kamminga

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke

Deep neural networks suffer from the overconfidence issue in the open world, meaning that classifiers could yield confident, incorrect predictions for out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Thus, it is an urgent and challenging task to detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Qiuyu Zhu , Guohui Zheng , Yingying Yan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential when deploying neural networks in the real world. One main challenge is that neural networks often make overconfident predictions on OOD data. In this study, we propose an effective post-hoc…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Zhuohao Sun , Yiqiao Qiu , Zhijun Tan , Weishi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

In general, graph representation learning methods assume that the train and test data come from the same distribution. In this work we consider an underexplored area of an otherwise rapidly developing field of graph representation learning:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Beatrice Bevilacqua , Yangze Zhou , Bruno Ribeiro

Near out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a major challenge for deep neural networks. We demonstrate that large-scale pre-trained transformers can significantly improve the state-of-the-art (SOTA) on a range of near OOD tasks across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Stanislav Fort , Jie Ren , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Deploying machine learning in open environments presents the challenge of encountering diverse test inputs that differ significantly from the training data. These out-of-distribution samples may exhibit shifts in local or global features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jiawei Li , Sitong Li , Shanshan Wang , Yicheng Zeng , Falong Tan , Chuanlong Xie

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in deep learning has traditionally been framed as a binary task, where samples are either classified as belonging to the known classes or marked as OOD, with little attention given to the semantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Erik Wallin , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

In the dynamic realms of machine learning and deep learning, the robustness and reliability of models are paramount, especially in critical real-world applications. A fundamental challenge in this sphere is managing Out-of-Distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Yingrui Ji , Yao Zhu , Zhigang Li , Jiansheng Chen , Yunlong Kong , Jingbo Chen