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Solving temporally-extended tasks is a challenge for most reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms [arXiv:1906.07343]. We investigate the ability of an RL agent to learn to ask natural language questions as a tool to understand its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Ross Murphy , Sergey Mosesov , Javier Leguina Peral , Thymo ter Doest

In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-06-24 Marc G. Bellemare , Yavar Naddaf , Joel Veness , Michael Bowling

The diversity of tasks and dynamic nature of reinforcement learning (RL) require RL agents to be able to learn sequentially and continuously, a learning paradigm known as continuous reinforcement learning. This survey reviews how continual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Amara Zuffer , Michael Burke , Mehrtash Harandi

Reinforcement learning (RL) has produced spectacular results in games, robotics, and continuous control. Yet, despite these successes, learned policies often fail to generalize beyond their training distribution, limiting real-world impact.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 André Biedenkapp

General-purpose control demands agents that act across many tasks and embodiments, yet research on reinforcement learning (RL) for continuous control remains dominated by single-task or offline regimes, reinforcing a view that online RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Nicklas Hansen , Hao Su , Xiaolong Wang

Building generally capable agents is a grand challenge for deep reinforcement learning (RL). To approach this challenge practically, we outline two key desiderata: 1) to facilitate generalization, exploration should be task agnostic; 2) to…

As more and more AI agents are used in practice, it is time to think about how to make these agents fully autonomous so that they can (1) learn by themselves continually in a self-motivated and self-initiated manner rather than being…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Bing Liu , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eric Robertson , Scott Grigsby

Adapting a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent to an unseen environment is a difficult task due to typical over-fitting on the training environment. RL agents are often capable of solving environments very close to the trained environment,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Olivier Moulin , Vincent Francois-Lavet , Paul Elbers , Mark Hoogendoorn

Model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) generally suffers from poor sample complexity, mostly due to the need to exhaustively explore the state-action space to find well-performing policies. On the other hand, we postulate that expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Loris Di Natale , Bratislav Svetozarevic , Philipp Heer , Colin N. Jones

Interactive fiction games have emerged as an important application to improve the generalization capabilities of language-based reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Existing environments for interactive fiction games are domain-specific or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Shreyas Basavatia , Keerthiram Murugesan , Shivam Ratnakar

Multi-agent Reinforcement learning (MARL) studies the behaviour of multiple learning agents that coexist in a shared environment. MARL is more challenging than single-agent RL because it involves more complex learning dynamics: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Roger Creus Castanyer

Throughout long history, natural species have learned to survive by evolving their physical structures adaptive to the environment changes. In contrast, current reinforcement learning (RL) studies mainly focus on training an agent with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Shuang Ao , Tianyi Zhou , Guodong Long , Xuan Song , Jing Jiang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework to optimize a control policy using rewards that are revealed by the system as a response to a control action. In its standard form, RL involves a single agent that uses its policy to accomplish a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Juan Cervino , Juan Andres Bazerque , Miguel Calvo-Fullana , Alejandro Ribeiro

Foundation models have shown impressive adaptation and scalability in supervised and self-supervised learning problems, but so far these successes have not fully translated to reinforcement learning (RL). In this work, we demonstrate that…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a semi-supervised learning paradigm which an agent learns by interacting with an environment. Deep learning in combination with RL provides an efficient method to learn how to interact with the environment is…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Thejan Rajapakshe , Rajib Rana , Sara Khalifa , Björn W. Schuller , Jiajun Liu

Continual learning is often motivated by the idea, known as the big world hypothesis, that "the world is bigger" than the agent. Recent problem formulations capture this idea by explicitly constraining an agent relative to the environment.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Alex Lewandowski , Adtiya A. Ramesh , Edan Meyer , Dale Schuurmans , Marlos C. Machado

The central tenet of reinforcement learning (RL) is that agents seek to maximize the sum of cumulative rewards. In contrast, active inference, an emerging framework within cognitive and computational neuroscience, proposes that agents act…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Alexander Tschantz , Beren Millidge , Anil K. Seth , Christopher L. Buckley

Lifelong learning is critical for embodied agents in open-world environments, where reinforcement learning fine-tuning has emerged as an important paradigm to enable Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models to master dexterous manipulation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Qixin Zeng , Shuo Zhang , Hongyin Zhang , Renjie Wang , Han Zhao , Libang Zhao , Runze Li , Donglin Wang , Chao Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in agentic environments must exercise multiple capabilities across different task instances, where a capability is performing one or more actions in a trajectory that are necessary for successfully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hangoo Kang , Tarun Suresh , Jon Saad-Falcon , Azalia Mirhoseini

Optimal decision making with limited or no information in stochastic environments where multiple agents interact is a challenging topic in the realm of artificial intelligence. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular approach for arriving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Roi Ceren